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Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures make up the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs

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2
Q

Type of epithelium which lines most of the respiratory system

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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3
Q

What does pseudo-stratified mean?

A

Nuclei of cells are at different levels but all cells are attached to the basement membrane.

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4
Q

Function of the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory system

A

Secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action

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5
Q

Cells present in the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells

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6
Q

Bones and cartilages that make up the external nose

A

Nasal bone
Maxilla
Septal cartilage
Lateral nasal cartilage
Alar cartilage
Dense fibrous connective and adipose tissue

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7
Q

Regions of the external nose

A

Frontalis muscle deep to skin
Root and bridge of nose to skin
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Philtrum
External naris

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8
Q

Structures of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal septum
Inferior conchea
Middle conchea
Superior conchea
Inferior meatus
Middle meatus
Superior meatus
Sphenoethmoidal recess

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9
Q

What is inferior conchea

A

An independent bone found in the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Middle and superior concha are

A

parts of the ethmoid

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11
Q

What lines the superior conchea

A

Olfactory mucosa

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12
Q

The inferior meatus is the opening of the

A

nasolacrimal duct

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13
Q

The middle meatus is the opening to the

A

maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus and frontal sinus

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14
Q

The sphenoethmoidal recess is the opening of the

A

sphenoid sinus

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15
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

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16
Q

Olfactory mucosa lines the

A

Superior conchea
Corresponding segment of the nasal septum
Roof of the nasal cavity

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17
Q

Olfactory mucosa contains

A

olfactory receptor neurons

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18
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull
Warm and moisten the air
Increase resonance of speech

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19
Q

Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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20
Q

Which sinuses drain into the superior meatus

A

Posterior ethmoid sinus

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21
Q

Lateral wall of ethmoid sinus is known as?
Implication of this?

A

Thin lamina papyracea of orbits. Nasal infection may find its way through to the orbits through this thin bone plate

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22
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus open into the nasal cavity

A

At the opening into middle meatus of nasal cavity

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23
Q

The floor of the maxillary sinus is indented by the

A

roots of the maxillary teeth

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24
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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25
Q

What epithelium lines the nasopharynx

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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26
Q

What epithelium lines the oropharynx and larnygopharynx

A

non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

Location and extent of nasopharynx

A

Behind nasal cavity
Extends from skull base to soft palate

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28
Q

What tube connects the middle ear with the nasal pharynx

A

The auditory (eustachian) tube

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29
Q

Inferior communication (from nasal cavity) with nasopharynx through

A

pharyngeal isthmus

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30
Q

Anterior communication (from oral cavity) with nasopharynx through

A

chonae

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31
Q

Lateral posterior communication (from eat) with nasopharynx through

A

Auditory (Eustachian) tube

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32
Q

Larynx is lined with…except the…which is lined by…

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Vocal folds and part of the epiglottis
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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33
Q

Which cartilage laminae forms the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage

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34
Q

What are the cartilages present in the larynx

A

Epiglottic
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
Corniculates
Cuneiforms

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35
Q

Thyroid cartilage forms the…and attaches to…by

A

Its laminae form anterior and lateral wall of the larynx
Thyrohyroid membrane attaches it to the hyoid bone and epiglottis

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36
Q

Cricoid cartilage forms the…and attaches to…
Significance of cricoid cartilage

A

Forms the inferior of larynx
Attaches to the thyroid cartilage by cricothyroid membrane
Presence of cricothyroid joint and cricoarytenoid joint
Cricoid cartilage is a site of emergency tracheotomy

37
Q

Shape of arytenoid cartilage and is found at the
Significance of arytenoid cartilage

A

Pyramid shaped cartilages
Found at posterior and superior border of cricoid cartilage
Most important in altering positions and tension of vocal folds

38
Q

Epiglottic cartilage is an…attached to…by…

A

Elastic cartilage
Hyloid bone and thyroid cartilage
Ligaments

39
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Respiration
Voice production
Control of thoracic pressure

40
Q

3 Parts of the larynx cavity

A

Vestibule
Ventricle
Infraglottic cavity

41
Q

The vestibule of the larynx is enclosed by

A

Vestibular folds at the lower border

42
Q

The ventricle of the larynx includes the

A

Sinus and saccule

43
Q

Infraglottic cavity of the larynx is enclosed by

A

The vocal folds are the upper border
Enclosed by cricothyroid membrane (ligament)

44
Q

Function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles of the larynx

A

connects the cartilage to other structures

45
Q

Function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Connect laryngeal cartilages to each other

46
Q

How does voice production occur

A

Vocal folds come together near the midline
Then they vibrate in response to air flow through rima glottidis

47
Q

Movement of vocal folds during inhalation or exhalation

A

The vocal folds are abducted (apart) and the rima glottidis opens to allow unobstructed airflow

48
Q

Movement of the vocal folds during coughing, sneezing, defecation, parturition and implication of movement

A

Vocal folds tightly close to increase thoracic abdominal pressure

49
Q

Location of trachea

A

Runs anterior to the esophagus and extends from larynx to thoracic cavity

50
Q

Where does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi

A

Divides at the sternal angle level

51
Q

Significance of the cartilage rings of the trachea

A

Prevent tracheal wall collapse

52
Q

Tissues present in the tracheal wall and its significance

A

Smooth muscle tissue and elastic connective tissue
Allows for changes in tracheal diameter and length during inhalation and exhalation

53
Q

Type of nervous system control of the smooth muscle and glands in the wall of trachea and bronchi

A

Autonomic nervous system

54
Q

Parasympathetic activation of trachea would elicit

A

muscle contraction and gland secretion

55
Q

Location of left and right primary bronchi

A

Extends in the mediastinum from the trachea to the inferior end of hilum of lungs

56
Q

Contrast the right and left bronchus. Implication of the difference

A

Right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
aspirated food and foreign bodies tend to lodge in the right main bronchus

57
Q

Lungs are separated by

A

the heart and the structures in the mediastinum

58
Q

Lungs are located in the

A

thoracic cavity above the diaphragm

59
Q

Blood supply from the heart

A

Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
Bronchial arteries: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the bronchi in the lungs

60
Q

Blood supply away from the lungs

A

Pulmonary veins: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Bronchial veins: Venous drainage from the lungs to the heart

61
Q

Structures present in the lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries
Most of the bronchial tree
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Bronchial arteries and veins
Autonomic nerves
Lymph vessels and nodes

62
Q

Lungs are covered by

A

serous membrane
Pleura: visceral pleura

63
Q

How many lobes in the right lung

A

3

64
Q

How many lobes in the left lung

A

2

65
Q

Hilum is where the

A

arteries, veins and the main bronchus enters or leaves the lung

66
Q

Name the lobes/fissures of the right lung

A

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure

67
Q

Name the lobes/fissures of the left lung

A

Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure

68
Q

Parietal pleura lines the

A

thoracic cavity

69
Q

Visceral pleura lines the

A

surface of the lungs

70
Q

Characteristic of viscera pleura

A

Insensitive to pain or temperature stimulus

71
Q

Compare parietal pleura and visceral pleura in terms of innervation

A

Parietal pleura: Somatic innervation
Visceral pleura: Visceral sensory innervation

72
Q

What is contained in the pleura cavity

A

Pleural fluid

73
Q

Draw location of costodiaphragmatic recesses

A

refer to notes

74
Q

During inspiration, …pressure in…cavities pulls … and lungs to…

A

negative, pleural, visceral pleura, expand

75
Q

Pleural recesses exist during

A

Full Expiration

76
Q

Pneumothorax is the

A

Lung collapse due to increasing air pressure in the pleural cavity due to a rupture from the lung, through the thoracic wall or from the mediastinum

77
Q

Compare left and right bronchus

A

Right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left

78
Q

Right lung has how many lobar bronchi

A

3

79
Q

Left has how many lobar bronchi

A

2

80
Q

Wall of bronchioles does not contain…but has…

A

no more cartillage
has intact smooth muscle

81
Q

Asthma arises due to

A

Constriction of bronchioles due to allergic reactions

82
Q

Function of alveolar

A

site of gaseous exchange

83
Q

The alveolar wall consists of

A

Alveolar cells (Type 1 and 2)
Mesh of capillaries
Reticular and elastic connective tissues
Basement membrane

84
Q

Alveolar…cells and capillary … cells share a …

A

epithelial endothelial
fused basement membrane

85
Q

Implication of stomach cancer

A

obstruction of blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
airways
Tumour growth may cause esophageal obstruction

86
Q

Symptoms of stomach cancer and reasons

A

Loss of pupil dilation
- Loss of upper thoracic and cervical sympathetic nerves
Arm symptoms
- Lower trunk of brachial plexus is affected
Voice change
- Laryngeal nerves are affected
Paralysis of diaphragm
- Phrenic nerves affected

87
Q

End of expiration muscle movement

A

Diaphragm relaxes
Internal intercostal muscles contract
External intercostal muscles relax
volume of thoracic cavity decreases
air moves out of lungs

88
Q

End of inspiration muscle movement

A

Diaphragm contracts
Internal intercostal muscles relax
External intercostal muscles contract
Volume of thoracic cavity increases
air moves into lungs

Anatomy (4 decks)

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