Respiratory system Flashcards
Which structures make up the respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs
Type of epithelium which lines most of the respiratory system
Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
What does pseudo-stratified mean?
Nuclei of cells are at different levels but all cells are attached to the basement membrane.
Function of the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory system
Secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action
Cells present in the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Bones and cartilages that make up the external nose
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Septal cartilage
Lateral nasal cartilage
Alar cartilage
Dense fibrous connective and adipose tissue
Regions of the external nose
Frontalis muscle deep to skin
Root and bridge of nose to skin
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Philtrum
External naris
Structures of the nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Inferior conchea
Middle conchea
Superior conchea
Inferior meatus
Middle meatus
Superior meatus
Sphenoethmoidal recess
What is inferior conchea
An independent bone found in the nasal cavity
Middle and superior concha are
parts of the ethmoid
What lines the superior conchea
Olfactory mucosa
The inferior meatus is the opening of the
nasolacrimal duct
The middle meatus is the opening to the
maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus and frontal sinus
The sphenoethmoidal recess is the opening of the
sphenoid sinus
What are the paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Olfactory mucosa lines the
Superior conchea
Corresponding segment of the nasal septum
Roof of the nasal cavity
Olfactory mucosa contains
olfactory receptor neurons
Function of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Warm and moisten the air
Increase resonance of speech
Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Which sinuses drain into the superior meatus
Posterior ethmoid sinus
Lateral wall of ethmoid sinus is known as?
Implication of this?
Thin lamina papyracea of orbits. Nasal infection may find its way through to the orbits through this thin bone plate
Where does the maxillary sinus open into the nasal cavity
At the opening into middle meatus of nasal cavity
The floor of the maxillary sinus is indented by the
roots of the maxillary teeth
3 parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What epithelium lines the nasopharynx
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What epithelium lines the oropharynx and larnygopharynx
non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium
Location and extent of nasopharynx
Behind nasal cavity
Extends from skull base to soft palate
What tube connects the middle ear with the nasal pharynx
The auditory (eustachian) tube
Inferior communication (from nasal cavity) with nasopharynx through
pharyngeal isthmus
Anterior communication (from oral cavity) with nasopharynx through
chonae
Lateral posterior communication (from eat) with nasopharynx through
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
Larynx is lined with…except the…which is lined by…
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Vocal folds and part of the epiglottis
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Which cartilage laminae forms the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
What are the cartilages present in the larynx
Epiglottic
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
Corniculates
Cuneiforms
Thyroid cartilage forms the…and attaches to…by
Its laminae form anterior and lateral wall of the larynx
Thyrohyroid membrane attaches it to the hyoid bone and epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage forms the…and attaches to…
Significance of cricoid cartilage
Forms the inferior of larynx
Attaches to the thyroid cartilage by cricothyroid membrane
Presence of cricothyroid joint and cricoarytenoid joint
Cricoid cartilage is a site of emergency tracheotomy
Shape of arytenoid cartilage and is found at the
Significance of arytenoid cartilage
Pyramid shaped cartilages
Found at posterior and superior border of cricoid cartilage
Most important in altering positions and tension of vocal folds
Epiglottic cartilage is an…attached to…by…
Elastic cartilage
Hyloid bone and thyroid cartilage
Ligaments
Function of the larynx
Respiration
Voice production
Control of thoracic pressure
3 Parts of the larynx cavity
Vestibule
Ventricle
Infraglottic cavity
The vestibule of the larynx is enclosed by
Vestibular folds at the lower border
The ventricle of the larynx includes the
Sinus and saccule
Infraglottic cavity of the larynx is enclosed by
The vocal folds are the upper border
Enclosed by cricothyroid membrane (ligament)
Function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles of the larynx
connects the cartilage to other structures
Function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Connect laryngeal cartilages to each other
How does voice production occur
Vocal folds come together near the midline
Then they vibrate in response to air flow through rima glottidis
Movement of vocal folds during inhalation or exhalation
The vocal folds are abducted (apart) and the rima glottidis opens to allow unobstructed airflow
Movement of the vocal folds during coughing, sneezing, defecation, parturition and implication of movement
Vocal folds tightly close to increase thoracic abdominal pressure
Location of trachea
Runs anterior to the esophagus and extends from larynx to thoracic cavity
Where does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi
Divides at the sternal angle level
Significance of the cartilage rings of the trachea
Prevent tracheal wall collapse
Tissues present in the tracheal wall and its significance
Smooth muscle tissue and elastic connective tissue
Allows for changes in tracheal diameter and length during inhalation and exhalation
Type of nervous system control of the smooth muscle and glands in the wall of trachea and bronchi
Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic activation of trachea would elicit
muscle contraction and gland secretion
Location of left and right primary bronchi
Extends in the mediastinum from the trachea to the inferior end of hilum of lungs
Contrast the right and left bronchus. Implication of the difference
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
aspirated food and foreign bodies tend to lodge in the right main bronchus
Lungs are separated by
the heart and the structures in the mediastinum
Lungs are located in the
thoracic cavity above the diaphragm
Blood supply from the heart
Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
Bronchial arteries: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the bronchi in the lungs
Blood supply away from the lungs
Pulmonary veins: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Bronchial veins: Venous drainage from the lungs to the heart
Structures present in the lungs
Pulmonary arteries
Most of the bronchial tree
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Bronchial arteries and veins
Autonomic nerves
Lymph vessels and nodes
Lungs are covered by
serous membrane
Pleura: visceral pleura
How many lobes in the right lung
3
How many lobes in the left lung
2
Hilum is where the
arteries, veins and the main bronchus enters or leaves the lung
Name the lobes/fissures of the right lung
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Name the lobes/fissures of the left lung
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure
Parietal pleura lines the
thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura lines the
surface of the lungs
Characteristic of viscera pleura
Insensitive to pain or temperature stimulus
Compare parietal pleura and visceral pleura in terms of innervation
Parietal pleura: Somatic innervation
Visceral pleura: Visceral sensory innervation
What is contained in the pleura cavity
Pleural fluid
Draw location of costodiaphragmatic recesses
refer to notes
During inspiration, …pressure in…cavities pulls … and lungs to…
negative, pleural, visceral pleura, expand
Pleural recesses exist during
Full Expiration
Pneumothorax is the
Lung collapse due to increasing air pressure in the pleural cavity due to a rupture from the lung, through the thoracic wall or from the mediastinum
Compare left and right bronchus
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
Right lung has how many lobar bronchi
3
Left has how many lobar bronchi
2
Wall of bronchioles does not contain…but has…
no more cartillage
has intact smooth muscle
Asthma arises due to
Constriction of bronchioles due to allergic reactions
Function of alveolar
site of gaseous exchange
The alveolar wall consists of
Alveolar cells (Type 1 and 2)
Mesh of capillaries
Reticular and elastic connective tissues
Basement membrane
Alveolar…cells and capillary … cells share a …
epithelial endothelial
fused basement membrane
Implication of stomach cancer
obstruction of blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
airways
Tumour growth may cause esophageal obstruction
Symptoms of stomach cancer and reasons
Loss of pupil dilation
- Loss of upper thoracic and cervical sympathetic nerves
Arm symptoms
- Lower trunk of brachial plexus is affected
Voice change
- Laryngeal nerves are affected
Paralysis of diaphragm
- Phrenic nerves affected
End of expiration muscle movement
Diaphragm relaxes
Internal intercostal muscles contract
External intercostal muscles relax
volume of thoracic cavity decreases
air moves out of lungs
End of inspiration muscle movement
Diaphragm contracts
Internal intercostal muscles relax
External intercostal muscles contract
Volume of thoracic cavity increases
air moves into lungs
