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Anatomy > Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary organs of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Oral/Buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

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2
Q

Functions of the digestive tract and accessory organs

A

Ingestion of food
Mechanical processing - breaking of food into smaller particles by mastication
Secretion of enzymes and acids
Digestion - chemical breakdown of foods into small organic fragments via secretion of enzymes and acids
Absorption of nutrients and water
Excretion of waste products

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3
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs

A

Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas

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4
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

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5
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated/

A

The gall bladder

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6
Q

Function of bile

A

Convert fats in food into fatty acids for absorption into the gut

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7
Q

What are the roles of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine system: Secretion of hormones, including blood sugar-regulating hormones: insulin and glucagon

Exocrine system: Secretion of enzymes into the digestive tract through duct in duodenum

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8
Q

What are the cavities found in the trunk

A

Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

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9
Q

4 Quadrants of the abdomen

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

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10
Q

9 regions of the abdomen

A

Right hypochondria
Epigastric
Left hypochondria
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric
Left iliac

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11
Q

What organs are found in the right hypochondria
region

A

Right lobe of the liver
Gallbladder
Hepatic duct
Right Colic Angle

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12
Q

What organs are found in the epigastric region

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas
Right and Left kidneys
Right and Left ureters
Left supradrenal gland
Small Intestine
Transverse colon

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13
Q

What organs are found in the left hypochondria region

A

Spleen
Left kidney
Tail end of pancreas
Parts of Small intestine
Left Colic Angle

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14
Q

What organs found in the right lumbar region

A

Ascending colon
Small intestine
Right Kidney

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15
Q

What organs are found in the umbilical region

A

Small intestine (ileum)
Transverse colon
Left and Right Kidney

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16
Q

What organs are found in the left lumbar region

A

Descending colon
Left Kidney
Spleen

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17
Q

What organs are found in the right iliac

A

Appendix
Ovary
Cecum

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18
Q

What organs are found in the hypogastric region

A

Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
Urinary bladder,Ureter
Uterus, ovaries (in female)
Prostate (in male)

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19
Q

What organs are found in the left iliac region

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Ovary

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20
Q

Loin to groin pain caused by

A

Ureteric stones are being pushed from Kidney towards urinary bladder

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21
Q

Gallstones - Pain will arise in

A

Right hypochondria

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22
Q

Liver disorders - Pain arises in

A

Right hypochondria

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23
Q

Stomach ulcers - Pain arises in

A

Epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondria

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24
Q

Heartburn - Pain arises in

A

Epigastric

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25
Q

Spleen disorders - Pain arises in

A

Left hypochondria

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26
Q

Pancreatitis - Pain arises in

A

Umbilical, Left hypochondria

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27
Q

Kidney stones - Pain arises in

A

Right lumbar, Left lumbar

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28
Q

Urine infection - Pain arises in

A

Hypogastric, Left and Right lumbar

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29
Q

Constipation - Pain arises in

A

Right lumbar, Left lumbar, Right iliac

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30
Q

Early appendicitis/Appendicitis - Pain arises in

A

Umbilical, Right iliac

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31
Q

Inflammatory bowel - Pain arises in

A

Umbilical, Left lumbar

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32
Q

Small bowel disease - Pain arises in

A

Umbilical

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33
Q

Umbilical hernia - Pain arises in

A

Umbilical

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34
Q

Pelvic pain (Gynae) - Pain arises in

A

Right and left iliac, Hypogastric

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35
Q

Groin pain (Inguinal Hernia) - Pain arises in

A

Right and left iliac

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36
Q

Urine infection - Pain arises in

A

Hypogastric

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37
Q

Oral cavity lined by

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

Roof of the oral cavity formed by

A

Hard and soft palates

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39
Q

The floor of the oral cavity is dominated by

A

the tongue

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40
Q

Hard palate of the oral roof made of

A

Bones

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41
Q

Soft palate of the oral cavity made of

A

Muscle

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42
Q

Uvula is part of the

A

soft palate

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43
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue

A

Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

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44
Q

3 principle shapes of epithelial cells

A

Squamous, columnar and cuboidal

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45
Q

Squamous epithelial cells protect against

A

Physical and chemical wear and tear

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46
Q

Shape of squamous cells

A

Thin, flat cells that look like fish scales

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47
Q

Where are squamous epithelial cells found

A

Surface of the skin and some lining of the digestive tracts

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48
Q

Characteristics of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

A

Flat
Absence of nucleus and organelles
Presence of keratin - which makes the skin waterproof

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49
Q

What lines the outer surface of the lip

A

Thin skin. Presence of keratinised squamous stratified epithelium, Hair follicles, Sebaceous gland, Sweat glands.

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50
Q

What lines the inner surface of the lip

A

Mucosa. Non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.

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51
Q

Circumvallate papillae is found along the

A

Sulcus terminalis

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52
Q

What is the depression on the tongue called

A

Median sulcus

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53
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue

A

Circumvallate, Fungiform, Filiform, Foliate

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54
Q

The tongue is made of

A

Interlacing bundles of mainly skeletal muscles

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55
Q

The tongue is lined by

A

Non-keratinised squamous epithelium

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56
Q

Types of salivary glands

A

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual glands

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57
Q

Function of saliva

A

Helps in the lubrication of food
Dissolves chemicals to stimulate taste buds
Contains salivary amylase to break down carbohydrate

58
Q

Composition of saliva

A

Water 99.4%
Ions, glycoprotein, antibody and enzymes 0.6%

59
Q

70% of saliva is produced by

A

Submandibular gland

60
Q

Rank the amount of saliva produced by salivary glands

A

1) Submandibular gland
2) Parotid gland
3) Sublingual gland

61
Q

What is the fold of mucus membrane found under the tongue

A

Lingual Frenulum

62
Q

Where does the duct of the parotid gland open into?

A

The second upper molar tooth

63
Q

Location of the parotid gland

A

Largest gland
Situated below the ear

64
Q

Location of the submandibular gland

A

Found in the floor of the mouth

65
Q

Location of the sublingual gland

A

Situated in the floor of the mouth below the tongue

66
Q

Type of saliva secretion by parotid gland

A

Serous, watery secretion

67
Q

Type of saliva secretion by submandibular gland

A

Mixed serous and mucosa secretion

68
Q

Type of saliva secretion by sublingual gland

A

Mucosa secretion

69
Q

3 Segments of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

70
Q

Oropharynx is a common passageway for

A

air, food and liquids

71
Q

Where does the oropharynx end

A

Epiglotis

72
Q

Function of the esophagus

A

Hollow 25 cm muscular tube that transports food and liquids from the laryngopharynx to the stomach

73
Q

Extent/Location of the esophagus

A

Neck
Passes through the posterior part of Thoracic cavity
Enters the Abdominal cavity via an opening in the diaphragm

74
Q

Organs surrounding the esophagus

A

Neck and upper thoracic cavity: Trachea
Lower thoracic cavity: Heart, aorta

75
Q

4 Layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Inner most: Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Propria
Outer most: Adventita

76
Q

Epithelial lining of the esophagus is

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

Components of the muscularis externa of esophagus

A

Upper third region: Skeletal muscle
Middle third: Skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower third: Smooth muscle

78
Q

Stomach is found in these regions

A

Umbilical, Epigastric, Left Hypochondria

79
Q

Shape of the stomach

A

J-shaped distensible muscle bag

80
Q

Rugae is formed when

A

Stomach is empty, mucosa of stomach is thrown into folds

81
Q

What are the orifices and curvatures of the stomach

A

Orifices:
Cardiac orifice
Pyloric orifice
Curvatures:
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature

82
Q

Dome-shaped section at the top of the stomach is known as

A

The fundus

83
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

Fundus, Cardiac, Body, Pylorus

84
Q

Pyloric sphincter is found in which region

A

Pylorus region

85
Q

What are the 2 omentums

A

Lesser omentum and greater omentum

86
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found

A

Extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

87
Q

Where is the greater omentum found

A

Hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach

88
Q

Structure of the lesser omentum

A

Double layer of peritoneum

89
Q

Function of the greater omentum

A

Fat deposition - having varying amounts of adipose tissue
Immune contribution - having milky spots of macrophage collections
Infection and wound infection - may physically limit the spread of intraperitoneal infections. Can be found wrapped around areas of infection and trauma.

90
Q

Peritoneum cavity is?

A

Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum

91
Q

Peritoneum cavity is filled with? Which is secreted by?

A

Serous peritoneal fluid which is secreted by the mesothelial cells lining the peritoneum

92
Q

Intraperitoneal organs vs retroperitoneal organs

A

Intraperitoneal organs are enveloped by visceral peritoneum which covers the organ both anteriorly and posteriorly.
Retroperitoneal organs are only covered in parietal peritoneum which covers the anterior region of the organ

93
Q

Organs that are only covered by parietal peritoneum are known as

A

Retroperitoneal organs

94
Q

Stomach blood supply from

A

Celiac artery

95
Q

Stomach venous drainage by

A

Portal vein

96
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Storage of ingested food
Mechanical breakdown of food
Disruption of chemical bonds via acids and enzymes
Chyme leaves the stomach

97
Q

What is Chyme

A

Soupy mixture that leaves the stomach

98
Q

What lines the mucous membrane in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

99
Q

Type of cells found in the epithelium in the stomach

A

Columnar epithelial cells

100
Q

Characteristic of columnar epithelial cells in the stomach

A

Nuclei are elongated and usually located near the base of cells.
Elongated, column-shaped and a height of at least four times their width

101
Q

Cells that make up the gastric gland in the stomach

A

Mucosal cells
Parietal/Oxyntic cells
Chief cells
Neuroendocrine cells

102
Q

Function of mucosal cells in the gastric gland

A

Secretion of thick viscous fluid, which protects the stomach from acidic effects of gastric juice

103
Q

Function of parietal/oxyntic cells in the gastric gland

A

Secretion of hydrochloric acid and Intrinstic factor
Intrinsic factor is required for absorption in the terminal ileum

104
Q

Function of Chief cells in the gastric gland

A

Secretion of pepsinogen which is needed to breakdown proteins into polypeptides

105
Q

Function of neuroendocrine cells in the gastric gland

A

Secretion of serotonin

106
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of gastric stomach

107
Q

What is gastric ulcer?

A

Erosion of stomach lining. Full-thickness loss of the gastric mucosa.

108
Q

What are the 4 stomach-related diseases?

A

Gastritis, gastric ulcer, stomach cancer and gastroesophageal reflux disease

109
Q

What is gastric erosion?

A

Partial loss of stomach mucosa with the preservation of the muscularis mucosa

110
Q

What is gastroscopy?

A

Viewing the stomach through an illuminated tube

111
Q

Significance of barium meal?

A

Diagnostic test used to detect abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine using x-ray imaging.
Barium sulfate lines the lining of the gastrointestinal tract allowing for accurate x-ray imaging

112
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

A condition where the acidic gastric fluid flows backwards into the esophagus resulting in heartburn

113
Q

Regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejuneum, Ileum

114
Q

Location of the small intestine

A

Lies between the stomach and the large intestine

115
Q

Length of the small intestine

A

6-7m long

116
Q

What does the mesentery consist of?
What is the function of the mesentery?

A

2 layers of peritoneum
Provides a passageway for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves to reach viscera.
Allows for communication between body wall and internal organs

117
Q

Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct open into the

A

Middle of 2nd part of the duodenum

118
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice is secreted into the

A

Middle of the second part of the duodenum

119
Q

What are Plica circulares?

A

Numerous permanent circular folds of mucous membrane

120
Q

Where are Plica Circulares located?

A

In the lower part of the duodenum and the jejunum

121
Q

Function of the Plica Circulares

A

Slows down the passage of food along the intestine
Increases the surface area of absorption

122
Q

Compare and contrast between the jejunum and ileum

A

Arterial arcades: Jejunum has less complex arterial arcades whereas ileum has more complex arterial arcades
Vesa recta: Jejunum has longer vesa recta, ileum has shorter vesa recta
Plica circulares: Jejunum has more, thicker and more highly folded plica circulares while ileum has less, thinner and less folded plica circulares
Fat present in mesentery: Jejunum has less fat present, ileum has more fat present

123
Q

Coeliac arterial supply to

A

From esophagus to middle of second part of duodenum
(esophagus, stomach, upper part of duodenum)

124
Q

Superior Mesenteric arterial supply to

A

From middle of second part of duodenum to the anterior 2/3 of the transverse colon
(lower part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, 2/3 of transverse colon)

125
Q

Inferior Mesenteric arterial supply to

A

From anterior 2/3 of transverse colon onwards
(1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus)

126
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Enzymatic digestion by maltase, lactase and sucrase enzyme which act on sugars and exopeptidase which act on peptides.
Absorption - Presence of plica circulares and mucosa of intestine which has villi and microvilli
Secretion of cholecystokin hormone - which stimulates contraction of gall bladder and production of enzymes by pancreas and secretin.
Secretin neutralises the pH of chyme upon entering the small intestine

127
Q

What are the enzymes present in the small intestine

A

Maltase lactase sucrase exopeptidase

128
Q

What are enzymes present in the stomach and produced by

A

Pepsinogen, chief cells

129
Q

Enzymes in the small intestine produced by

A

Enterocytes

130
Q

Villi of the small intestine consists of which cells

A

Enterocytes and goblet cells

131
Q

Structure of the mucosa of the small intestine

A

Numerous finger-like projections
Presence of intestinal glands found in between villi

132
Q

Function of goblet cells in small intestine

A

Produce mucin

133
Q

Glands present in the submucosal layer of small intestine

A

Brunner’s gland, Peyer’s patches

134
Q

Brunner’s gland present in

A

Submucosal layer of Duodenum

135
Q

Peyer’s patches present in

A

Submucosal layer of ileum

136
Q

Function of Brunner’s gland

A

Production of alkaline mucus which prevents erosion or ulceration of duodenum mucosa by acidic gastric contents

137
Q

Venous drainage of small intestine into

A

the portal vein

138
Q

Structure of the large intestine:

A

-Horse shoe shaped
Parts of the large intestine:
- Cecum/Appendix
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
length

139
Q

Location

A
140
Q

Function

A

Anatomy (4 decks)

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