respiratory system

Question 1

how does the respiratory system and circulatory system work together?

Answer 1

the circulatory and respiratory Systems work together to ensure that all cells have a constant supply of oxygen, and that carbon dioxide is continually move from the cells. The amount of oxygen carbon dioxide are kept constant between the tissues during this.

Question 2

organs of respiratory system (in order of inhalation)

Answer 2

nose, through which the air is taken in; the trachea, or windpipe, which branches into two tubes; the bronchi; and the two lungs.

Question 3

nose/nasal cavity: structure and function

Answer 3

structure: lined with mucus membranes, goblet cells which secrete mucus which traps dirt
function: air is cleaned, warmed and moistured in nasal cavity

Question 4

pharynx

Answer 4

The pharynx is the region from the nasal cavity to the top of the trachea and oesophagus.

Question 5

purpose of epiglottis in respiratory system

Answer 5

air travels through the pharynx before being diverted into the trachea by the epiglottis which is made out of cartilage.

Question 6

larynx

Answer 6

The larynx is made out of cartilage, which joins the pharynx and trachea, and contains the vocal chords.

Question 7

trachea

Answer 7

The trachea is known as a windpipe as it carries air into and out of the lung and is made up of cartilage rings that hold the structure open. It traps, dust and debris.

Question 8

bronchi types + structure

Answer 8

bronchi: primary (2), secondary(3/4), tertiary(many)

bronchi contain cartilage

Question 9

bronchioles

Answer 9

tertiary bronchi divide into smaller airways called bronchioles and continue to split until they form millions of terminal bronchioles.
bronchioles don’t contain cartilage

Question 10

lobes of the lung

Answer 10

lungs divided into lobes, left: two, right:three

Question 11

membrane of the lung

Answer 11

pleural membranes/pleura
- visceral pleura (outer)
- parietal pleura (inner)
- pleural fluid between these pleura, membranes

Question 12

alveoli

Answer 12

bronchioles open into clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli (functional units of the lungs), site of gas exchange

capillary network around alveolus for gaseous exchange

Question 13

air flow (ventilation)

Answer 13

ventilation is the process by which air moves into and out of the lungs

airflows from places of high-pressure to places of lower pressure,

for the efficient exchange of gases between blood in the air in the alveoli, the air in the lungs must continually change

gases travel from high pressure to low pressure

Question 14

pressure (not during inspiration/expiration)

Answer 14

atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure = balanced

intrapleural pressure → in pleural cavity

Question 15

what occurs during inspiration

Answer 15

• volume inside the lungs increases due to constriction of two muscles
• diaphragm contracts and moves down causing intrapulmonary volume to increase → intrapulmonary pressure drops
• air flow into the lungs down its pressure gradient
• external intercostals contract leading diaphragm to descend, rib cage ascends
• thoracic cavity volume increases

Question 16

what is inspiration

Answer 16

the process of taking air into the lungs (inhalation)

Question 17

what is expiration

Answer 17

breathing out (exhalation)

Question 18

what occurs during expiration

Answer 18

• diaphragm rises and goes back to usual state
• intrapulmonary volume drops leading intrapulmonary pressure rises as air flow out from the lungs down its pressure gradient
• external intercostals relax leading to diaphragm to ascend, ribcage descends
• thoracic cavity volume decreases

Question 19

oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in inspired and expired air

Answer 19

oxygen:
inspired air: 20.95%
expired air: 15.8%

carbon dioxide:
inspired air: 0.04%
expired air: 4.3%

Question 20

characteristics of alveoli that make it easy for diffusion of gases

Answer 20

• The wall of the alveolus is just one cell thick and the wall of the capillary is one cell thick
• large surface area due to shape, very thin →short diffusion passage
• the inside of the alveolus is lined with a film of moisture.

Question 21

gaseous exchange

Answer 21

air flows into and out of the alveoli as we breathe

The blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is brought to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries (good blood supply)

oxygen diffuses from the high concentration in the air in the alveolus to the lower concentration in the blood

carbon dioxide diffuses from higher concentration, the blood to the lower concentration, the air in the alveolus

oxygenated blood leaves the capillaries of the alveoli and it’s taken to the heart in the veins from the lungs

The artery to the lungs brings deoxygenated blood to the capillaries

Question 22

emphysema

Answer 22

emphysema is a disease usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles in the air taken into the lungs, air sacs damaged

Question 23

asthma

Answer 23

asthma is a medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to the narrowing of airways

Question 24

pneumonia

Answer 24

Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses, fungi another organisms

Question 25

tuberculosis

Answer 25

tuberculosis is an infection, usually have the lung by bacteria