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Human Biology Y11 > contraception and STIs > Flashcards

contraception and STIs Flashcards

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1
Q

contraception

A

contraception - measures that prevent a women from having an unwanted pregnancy

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2
Q

abstinence

A
  • abstinence is not having sexual intercourse at all
  • most effective form of birth control
  • prevents unwanted pregnancy and transmission of STIs
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3
Q

detection of ovulation

A

some methods of birth control rely on determining the time of ovulation to abstain from sexual intercourse on the days when fertilisation is most likely
- rhythm method
- temperature method
- mucus method
- symptothermal method

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4
Q

rhythm method

A
  • if a female has a regular 28 day menstrual cycle ovulation is likely to occur on the 14th day
  • the egg can survive for only two days without fertilisation and sperm can survive for four days at most in female
  • therefore, sexual intercourse should not occur between four days before and four days after ovulation
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5
Q

temperature method

A
  • a female can take her body temperature each morning to determine the time of ovulation more accurately
  • ovulation is accompanied by a sharp drop in body temperature and then a rise
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6
Q

mucus method

A
  • ovulation is predicted by observing a change in the mucus of the cervix
  • around ovulation, mucus will be clear, stretchy and slippery (like raw egg white)
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7
Q

symptothermal method

A
  • combination of the use of the rhythm method, temperature and cervical mucus methods
  • these methods can be reliable if careful records and charts are kept
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8
Q

lactational amenorrhoea

A
  • temporary infertility that follows the birth of a child
  • it occurs when a woman is not menstruating and fully breastfeeding
  • high level of prolactin in the blood inhibit the secretion of GnRH, which in turn stops the secretion of FSH and LH
  • temporarily suppressing ovulation
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9
Q

coitus interruptus

A
  • the withdraw method, the removal of the penis just before male orgasm so the ejaculation takes place outside the female vagina
  • high unreliable
  • some sperm may escape in the pre-ejaculatory fluids so fertilisation can still occur
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10
Q

mechanical barriers

A

a variety of mechanical barriers can be used to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg
- condoms
- diaphragm
- cervical cap
- female condom

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11
Q

condoms

A
  • thin latex rubber barrier effective in preventing semen from entering the vagina
  • also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections
  • the barrier blocks the exchange of body fluids (mucus, semen) during anal, oral or vaginal sex (preventing the spread of bacteria/viruses)
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12
Q

diaphragm

A

thin rubber cap that fits across the top of the vagina, correct size must be prescribed

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13
Q

cervical cap

A

similar but smaller than a diaphragm, fits directly over cervix

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14
Q

female condom

A
  • sheath that lines the vagina, closed end fits over the cervix, the other sits over the labia
  • protects against sexually transmitted infections
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15
Q

spermicides

A
  • spermicides work in two ways:
    • they contain a substance that immobilises and destroys sperm
    • they react with moisture in the vagina to form bubbles of carbon dioxide gas which present a physical barrier to the sperms
  • available as creams, tablets, pessaries or aerosol foam
  • unreliable when used alone
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16
Q

hormonal contraception for women

A

changes hormonal levels in the female’s body to prevent ovulation
- contraceptive pills
- hormonal implant

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17
Q

contraceptive pills

A
  • “the Pill”, taken daily
  • combined pill - oestrogen and progesterone, prevent ovulation
  • mini pill - contains only progesterone substitute, progestogen, this makes the cervical mucus thicker so that sperm cannot enter the uterus and changes the lining of the uterus making it more difficult for a fertilised egg to implant
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18
Q

hormonal implant

A
  • another way of delivering progesterone is to use Implanon a soft plastic stick about 4cm long that is inserted beneath the skin on the inner side of the upper arm
  • it will provide contraception for three years
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19
Q

intrauterine devices

A

IUDs are small devices inserted into the uterus
- hormonal IUD
- copper IUD

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20
Q

hormonal IUD

A

slowly releases progesterone hormone

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21
Q

copper IUD

A
  • plastic frame with copper wire around it
  • inhibiting the movement of sperm
22
Q

emergency contraception for women

A
  • sometimes it is necessary to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse
  • the morning-after pill (progesterone tablet) can be taken
  • it works by preventing or delaying ovulation, preventing sperm from reaching an egg and preventing the implantation of an embryo in the lining of the uterus
23
Q

sterilisation

A
  • for males: vasectomy
  • for females: tubal ligation
24
Q

Male sterilisation – Vasectomy

A

Involves the removal of a small piece of each vas deferens, the ends are then tied or sealed with heat

25
Q

female sterilisation – Tubal ligation

A

Involves cutting and removing a piece of the fallopian tubes and the ends are tied

26
Q

STIs

A

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- Infections that are transmitted by close body contact, usually with the genital organs
- They are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites that are passed from an infected person to a partner during sexual activity

27
Q

Types of STI’s

A

Bacterial:
- Gonorrhoea
- Syphilis
- Chlamydia

Viral:
- Genital herpes
- Human papilloma virus
- HIV/AIDS

28
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • Bacterial
  • The most common STI
  • Caused by a highly specialised bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Spread by vaginal, or anal sex with an infected person
29
Q

chlamydia symptoms

A
  • Men experiences an infection of the urethra, yellow mucus-like discharge and a burning sensation when passing urine, can spread to the epididymis and cause inflammation.
  • Most infected women have no symptoms, some women have pelvic inflammatory disease
30
Q

chlamydia treatment

A

When an infection is diagnosed it can be treated with antibiotics

31
Q

gonorrhoea

A
  • Bacterial
  • Mainly affects the mucous membranes of the excretory and reproductive systems, the rectum and occasionally the eyes and throat
  • Caused by a bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae spread during sexual intercourse
32
Q

gonorrhoea symptoms

A
  • Males experience inflammation in the urethra, resulting in a burning feeling in the penis and extreme pain when urinating. Yellow discharge of pus from the penis
  • In female’s symptoms go unrecognised in more than 70% of infected women. Usually no pain, pus produced may be mistaken as discharge. Women may have the disease for months before pain occurs
33
Q

gonorrhoea treatment

A

Antibiotics

34
Q

syphilis

A
  • bacterial
  • Caused by a thin, flexible, spiral shapes bacteria Treponema pallidum
  • Contracted by direct sexual contact and affects men and women in the same way
35
Q

stages of syphilis infection

A
  • Stage 1: sores(3-90 days after exposure)
  • Stage 2: body rash (4-10 weeks after initial infection)
  • Stage 3: affects internal organs (3-15 years after initial infection)
  • Stage 4: continuation of stage 3
36
Q

syphilis symptoms

A

First symptom is one or more small sores on sex organs or other skin, skin rashes, ulcerated mouth or throat, mild fevers

37
Q

syphilis treatment

A

Antibiotics for all stages of syphilis, surgery may be necessary in later stages

38
Q

genital herpes

A
  • virus
  • Common STI caused by the Herpes simplex virus, There are two forms of the virus:
    • Herpes simplex type 1 - ‘cold sores’ on the lips
    • Herpes simplex type 2 – produces blisters on the genital
      organs
  • transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and therefore can be passed on during genital, oral or anal sex
39
Q

genital herpes symptoms

A

Blisters develop on penis or labia and vagina for females. Flu-like symptoms or a rash.

40
Q

genital herpes effects

A
  • Blisters break, develop scabs and heal, although the virus passes into the nervous system where it remains for life
  • The virus can reinfect the skin or mucous membranes at any time
41
Q

genital herpes treatment

A

There is no way of removing herpes virus from the body once infected. Treatment includes medication to reduce pain and sexual abstinence for duration of the eruption

42
Q

human papilloma virus (HPV)

A
  • virus
  • The warts are caused by a virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Transmitted by a sexual partner infected by the virus
  • Some types of HPV can cause cancer of the cervix
43
Q

HPV symptoms

A

Genital warts are usually found on the genital areas

44
Q

HPV treatment

A

Prescription medication for warts

45
Q

HPV prevention

A

Use condoms, get the HPV vaccine which can prevent most cases of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers.

46
Q

HIV/AIDS

A
  • virus
    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • It is now a pandemic meaning that it has spread to all parts of the world
47
Q

HIV/AIDS effects

A
  • Infection weakens the body’s immune system, so the infected person is highly susceptible to infection by other micro- organisms and to some forms of cancer
  • HIV is a retrovirus containing RNA core rather than DNA, it infects white blood cells (T-lymphocytes), and integrates its DNA into the lymphocytes DNA and produces millions of copies of itself
  • AIDS is the last stage of infection; a person develops AIDS when the immune system has been damaged to the degree that it is no longer able to resist other infections
48
Q

how is HIV transferred?

A

HIV is transferred when body fluid from one person enters the blood stream or comes in contact with mucous membranes
- Body fluids like – menstrual blood, pre-ejaculatory fluid, vaginal and cervical fluids and breast milk
- Normal social contacts such as hugging, kissing and handshaking will not spread HIV
- Unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal or oral) with infected person and the sharing of needles will spread the virus

49
Q

HIV treatment

A

no vaccine or cure for HIV currently, however there are antiretroviral drugs that slow the reproduction of the virus and supress the progression of the disease

50
Q

preventing STIs

A
  • Abstinence is the only method of completely preventing the transfer of STI’s
  • Practicing safe sex can reduce the chances significantly
  • Safe sex involves using a condom to prevent the transfer of bodily fluids from one person to the other

Human Biology Y11 (15 decks)

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