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Human Biology Y11 > cells and tissues > Flashcards

cells and tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the organisation levels?

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. organs
  4. organ system
  5. organism
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2
Q

what does MRS GREN stand for?

A

Metabolism, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

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3
Q

what are cells?

A

the fundamental unit of the body, the building blocks of life, each cell has a different functions (respiration, ingestion, excretion, response, growth, reproduction, movement), the smallest structure that can perform life’s functions

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4
Q

what is cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made up of cells
  • cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
  • cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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5
Q

structure: cytoplasm

A

structure: thick fluid within the cell membrane but outside the nucleus and all the structures suspended in it

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6
Q

structure and function: cell membrane

A

structure: the outer boundary of the cell that separates it from neighbouring cells and from external environment, made up of a double layer of lipid molecules and associated proteins

function: determines which substances get into or out of the cell

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7
Q

structure and function: cytosol

A

structure: the liquid part of the cytoplasm, 75% - 90% water with a complex mixture of dissolved substances such as salts and carbohydrates

function: where most of the metabolic reactions occur, plays a role in controlling the osmotic pressure of the cell and the flow of chemicals in and out the cell

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8
Q

what are organelles?

A

specialised structures suspended in the cytoplasm which perform different functions.

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9
Q

structure and function: nucleus

A

structure: largest organelle in the cell and is usually oval or spherical in shape.
- nuclear membrane: the nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
- nucleolus: inside nucleus, manufacturing proteins, made up of mostly RNA
- nucleoplasm: DNA and nucleolus are suspended in a jelly like nucleoplasm

function: controls cell, contains genetic material mostly DNA.

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10
Q

structure and function: ribosomes

A

structure: very small and spherical, free or attached to membrane

function: amino acids are joined together at ribosomes to form protein

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11
Q

structure and function: endoplasmic reticulum

A

provide a surface for chemical reactions, connects nucleus to cell membrane
- rough ER: with ribosomes, protein synthesis
- smooth ER: without ribosomes, lipid synthesis

ER transports substances within the cell specifically proteins made by the cell

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12
Q

structure and function: golgi. apparatus

A

structure: flattened membranous bags stacked on top of each other

function: modify proteins and package them in vesicles for secretion

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13
Q

structure and function: vesicles

A

structure: a membrane bound sac

function: transports materials into, out or within the cell

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14
Q

structure and function: centrioles

A

structure: a pair of cylindrical structures usually located near the nucleus

function: involved in the reproduction of the cell

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15
Q

structure and function: lysosomes

A

structure: small spheres that contains enzymes able to break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates

function: “cell’s demolition crew”, breakdown materials that are taken into the cell or break down worn out organelles

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16
Q

structure and function: mitochondria

A

structure: structures spread through cytoplasm that have a double membrane, the outer is smooth and the inner folded in towards the centre of mitochondrion

function: mitochondria release energy for the cell through the process of respiration

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17
Q

structure and function: cilia

A

S: cell’s fine projections which are short and numerous (like hair)

F: it beats back and forth to move either the whole cell or substances over the surface of the cell e.g. mucus in the throat

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18
Q

structure and function: flagella

A

S: cell’s fine projections which are longer but have only a few on the cell

F: it beats back and forth to move either the whole cell or substances over the surface of the cell e.g. sperm swimming to the egg

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19
Q

structure and function: cytoskeleton

A

framework of protein fibres that gives the cell its shape and assists cell movements
- microtubules: hollow rods that keep organelles in place or move them around the cell
- microfilaments: which move materials around the cytoplasm or move the whole cell

20
Q

what are inclusions in cytoplasm?

A

chemical substance found in the cytoplasm of the cell e.g haemoglobin, the red pigment of blood

21
Q

what are tissues

A

tissues are made up of cells, similar in structure but have different functions

22
Q

types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
23
Q

epithelial tissue: types, function and location

A

covers and lines body surfaces
squamous
- function: diffusion & filtration
- location: lungs, capillaries, inside mouth

columnar
- function: protection, secretion and absorption
- location: digestive tract, uterus

cuboidal:
- function: secretion and absorption
- location: ducts of salivary glands and kidneys

stratified:
- more than one layer

simple:
- one layer

pseudo stratified:
- one layer but looks like multiple layers

transitional:
- changes shape

24
Q

connective tissue: types, function and location

A
  • functions: supporting framework, help bind body structures together, repairs, stores fat and produces blood cells, binds and supports the other tissues of the body including
    adipose, cartilage, bone, tendons/ligaments and blood
  • examples: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fat storage (adipose tissue), blood
  • structure: scattered cells, separated large inter cellular material (matrix: fibres and ground substance ) → mechanical property
25
Q

muscular tissue: types and function

A
  • are long and thin and can contract to become shorter
  • voluntary/involuntary movement

smooth muscle tissue:
- structure: thin and elongated, layered, non- striated
- slow and involuntary contractions

cardiac muscle tissue:
- structure: striated, short, inter-collated discs → separation
- quicker involuntary movement: heart beats

skeletal muscle tissue:
- structure: layered, long, striated
- covers larger parts of body and voluntary movement

26
Q

nervous tissue: structure and function

A
  • structure: neurons plus glial cells, thin, long projections with multiple extensions
  • function: receives and transmits messages around the body
  • structure allows quicker transfer of messages
27
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

the plasma membrane is a gateway to the cell, it is flexible and is vital in homeostasis (keeping the cellular environment constant) by controlling what enters and leaves the cell

28
Q

functions of cell membrane

A
  • protective/physical barrier (separating cytoplasm from extracellular fluid)
  • regulate transport of materials in and out the cell (selectively permeable/semi-permeable) (e.g. entry of ions and nutrients)
  • allow cell recognition
  • provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton
  • provide binding site for enzyme
  • sensitive to changes (any changes in the extracellular fluid affects the cell membrane first)
  • helps support the cell (attached to the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton)
29
Q

other names for cell membrane + reasoning

A

phospholipid bilayer, semi-permeable membrane, fluid mosaic model

The plasma membrane is called the fluid mosaic model as it is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, fluid as the molecules of which it is made of is constantly changing position, mosaic as it is composed of many different kinds of molecules

30
Q

structure of cell membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • carrier proteins
  • protein channels
  • receptors
  • marker proteins
31
Q

inputs and outputs for cell membrane

A

INPUTS: oxygen, water and nutrients

OUTPUTS: carbon dioxide, metabolic wastes, water, heat energy

32
Q

types of cell transport

A

passive: no energy is required, along the concentration gradient (high to low)
active: energy is required, against the concentration gradient (low to high)

33
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration.
e.g. water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, fatty acids, steroids, ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, lipids, soluble drugs

34
Q

osmosis

A
  • diffusion of solvent mainly water as it is the most significant solvent in the human body, across the membrane through aquaporins
  • moves from high water potential (less solute) to low water potential (higher solute)
35
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport (channel) proteins to move large molecules that can’t diffuse through lipids, from high to low concentration
e.g. glucose and amino acids

36
Q

channel proteins

A

have a pore for materials to cross

37
Q

carrier proteins (active)

A

change shape to move from one side to another against concentration gradient
e.g for certain ions, glucose and amino acids

38
Q

vesicular transport

A

moving things through a vesicle

39
Q

exocytosis

A

moving things out (contents of a vehicle are passed outside
e.g secretions, such as mucus or digestive juices

a vesicle that is formed within the cell migrates to the cell membrane and fuses with the membrane, the contents of the vesicle are then pushed out into the extracellular fluid

40
Q

endocytosis

A

moving things in (liquids and solids)
e.g cholesterol, iron ions, micro-organisms and cell debris but only by specialised cells

the cell membrane folds around a droplet of liquid or a solid particle until the droplet or particles is completely enclosed, the vesicle formed then pinches off and is suspended in the cell’s cytoplasm

41
Q

types of endocytosis

A
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor mediated endocytosis
  • phagocytosis
42
Q

pinocytosis

A

takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle (liquids)

43
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

targets particular molecules with its receptors, take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.

44
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulf large particles such as food, bacteria (solids)

45
Q

isotonic solution

A

cell is at equilibrium
no net movement
same amount of solute in and outside the cell
“external solution is isotonic to cytosol”

46
Q

hypotonic solution

A

more solute in cell, moves in causing cell to swell and eventually burst/lyse (CYTOLYSIS)
net movement into cell
“external solution is hypotonic to cytosol”

47
Q

hypertonic solution

A

less solute, moves out of cell causing cell to shrivel up, shrink (PLASMOLYSIS)
net movement out of cell
“external solution is hypertonic to cytosol”

Human Biology Y11 (15 decks)

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