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Human Biology Y11 > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

muscle cells: structure and function

A

muscle cells are in the form of long, thin fibres that have the ability to contract, or shorten and are held in bundles.

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2
Q

muscle: structure, function and location

A

muscles are organised in such a way that when they contract, they reduce the distance between the parts they are connected to or decrease the space they surround.
muscles attached to the bones are able to move on them or hold them steady, enabling us to stand erect, walk, run, jump and perform complicated movements.

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3
Q

three types of muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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4
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary (under conscious control) and are attached to bones of the skeleton.
the muscles that move bones and enable us to walk, run and carry out a wide range of voluntary physical activities
contractions of these muscles bring about movement in joints
give the body its form and contours and allow it to marian posture

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5
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary (not under conscious control) movement muscles e.g. intestines and stomach, wraps around alimentary canal, contracting to push contents through

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6
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, heart, contracting which reduces the space in the chambers of the heart and pushes blood from the heart into the blood vessels

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7
Q

properties of muscles

A

these properties allows muscles to work together to creat movement
- contractibility: ability to contract
- elasticity: ability to return to the original length after being stretched
- extensibility: ability to be stretched

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8
Q

structure of skeletal system

A

muscle bundles contain muscle fibres contain myofibrils contain myofilaments (made up of actin and myosin)

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9
Q

perimysium

A

sheath of connective tissue that covers each bundle of muscle cells

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10
Q

muscle fibre

A

elongated cylinder with many nuclei
(10-100m in diameter)

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11
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cell

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12
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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13
Q

myofibril

A

a thread-like structure found in the sarcoplasm of each fibre
- each myofibril is composed of many small myofilaments

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14
Q

main types of myofilamengs

A
  • thick myofilaments, composed mainly of the protein, myosin
  • thin myofilaments, composed mainly of the protein, actin

way to remember: acTHIN, MAYOsin (thick)

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15
Q

sacromeres

A

the contractile unit of skeletal muscle: consists of actin and myosin filaments

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16
Q

sliding filament theory

A

the sliding filament theory describes how muscles contract, as the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments, the sarcomere shortens

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17
Q

energy source for muscles

A

energy from ATP is used during muscle contraction

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18
Q

how are muscles attached to bones?

A

muscles are attached to bones by tendons so that the joint bends when the muscle contracts

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19
Q

antagonists

A

antagonists are pairs of muscles that provide body movement

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20
Q

agonist

A

the muscle doing the action

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21
Q

synergists

A

synergists help the agonist by producing the same movement or steadying the joint, when the synergist immobilises a joint it is called a fixator

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22
Q

origin

A

origin is where the end of the muscle is fixed to the stationary bone

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23
Q

insertion

A

insertion is the attachment to the movable bone of the other end of the muscle

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24
Q

muscle tone

A

muscle tone is achieved by partial contraction of skeletal muscles due to the different fibres contracting a one time. this allows a person to maintain their posture

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25
Q

skeletal system function

A
  • supports the body
  • facilitates movement
  • protects internal organs
  • produces blood cells
  • stores and releases minerals and fat
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26
Q

bone classifications

A
  • flat
  • irregular
  • long
  • sesamoid
  • short
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27
Q

two divisions of skeleton

A

the skeleton can be divided into:
- axial skeleton (the central bones)
- the appendicular skeleton (the limbs, shoulder and pelvis)

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28
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • skull (cranium)
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
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29
Q

appendicular system

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
  • ulna
  • radius
  • carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
  • pelvic girdle (pelvis)
  • femur
  • patella
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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30
Q

long bone consists of:

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphyses
  • periosteum
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31
Q

diaphysis

A

main portion of bone, compact bone, yellow marrow (fat storage site)

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32
Q

epiphyses

A

the enlarged ends of the bone, spongy/cancellous bone (in central regions), red bone marrow

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33
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous outer covering of the bone apart from at the ends, the ends are covered with an articular cartilage

34
Q

compact bone consists of:

A
  • osteons
  • haversian canals
  • lamellae
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • osteocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • yellow bone marrow
35
Q

haversian canal

A

a central canal, has at least one blood capillary and possibly nerves and lymph capillaries in the canal

36
Q

lamellae

A

concentric layers of bony matrix surrounding haversian canal

37
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces in the matrix between the lamellae

38
Q

osteocyte

A

bone cells

39
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that form new bone tissues or heal existing bone tissues

40
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that break down old bone tissues

41
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fat storage

42
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny canals running between the lacunae allowing for materials to be passed from cell to cell

43
Q

spongy bone

A

also called cancellous bone, consists of an irregular arrangement of thin bony plates called trabeculae. the bone cells occupy the spaces in the trabeculae, nerves and blood vessels pass through the spaces of the matrix

conatins red bone marrow

44
Q

structure of cartilage

A

Cartilage is a connective tissue that contains numerous fibres made of a protein called collagen, these are embedded in a firm Matrix of protein called chondrin, Within the Matrix there are spaces that contain the cartilage cells called chondroblasts, these cells produce Matrix and gradually become surrounded by it until they are trapped in small spaces called lacunae, once this has occurred, cells are considered to be mature and referred to as chondrocytes

45
Q

types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
46
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

has many closely packed collagenous fibres throughout the Matrix these fibres are so fine they cannot be seen under a light microscope they give flexibility as well as strength, they can be found in the trachea

47
Q

elastic cartilage

A

has conspicuous elastic fibres it also contains collagenous fibres similar to those in the hyaline cartilage but they are not as closely packed, they provide flexible support in places such as the ear

48
Q

fibrocartilage

A

has a coarse appearance from the bundles of thick collagenous fibres, not as compact as hyaline, they are found in the intervertebral disc of the spinal column

49
Q

joints

A

a joint is a connection between two bones

50
Q

ligament

A

a ligament is a fibrous tissue that attaches one bone to another bone

51
Q

types of joints

A
  • fibrous joint
  • cartilaginous joint
  • synovial joint
52
Q

synovial joints

A

Synovial joints have a joint cavity and are classified according to the type of movement they allow

53
Q

synovial joint categories

A

Synovial joints are categorised by the type of movement that occurs between the articulating surfaces of the bone:
- hinge joint
- ball and socket joint
- pivot joint
- saddle joint
- gliding joints
- condyloid joints

54
Q

hinge joints

A
  • allows movement only in 1 plane (flexion and extension)
  • e.g. elbow and knee
55
Q

ball and socket joint

A
  • allows rotation and movement in multiple planes (rotation, abduction, adduction)
  • e.g shoulder and hip
56
Q

pivot joint

A
  • allows rotation (rotation and circumduction)
  • e.g radius and ulna
57
Q

saddle joint

A
  • allows side to side and back and forth movement
  • e.g. only thumbs
58
Q

gliding joints

A
  • allows side to side & back and forth movement however restricted by ligaments/bony processes
  • e.g. wrist bones, scapula and clavicle
59
Q

condyloid joints

A
  • back and forth & side to side movement
  • e.g metacarpal/phalanges joint, metatarsal/phalanges joint (knuckles)
60
Q

structure of synovial joints

A

articulate capsule:
- fibrous capsule
- synovial membrane
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
- articular discs
- bursae
- ligaments

61
Q

articular capsule

A

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

62
Q

fibrous capsule

A

outer layer

63
Q

synovial membrane

A

inner layer

64
Q

synovial fluid

A

synovial fluid within the synovial cavity, lubricates, nourishment, phagocytic cells

65
Q

articular cartilage

A

at the end of bones

66
Q

articular discs

A

meniscus, only in some synovial joints, diving synovial cavity into two

67
Q

bursae

A

tiny sacs of fluid, prevent friction between bone and tendon/ligament and between bone and skin

68
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass becoming sufficient enough to impair normal functioning.

69
Q

osteoarthritis

A

gradual deterioration of joint cartilage due to age or injury, to the point where the bone surfaces are not protected, causes growth or bony spurs which decease the soave within. the joint cavity restricting movement of this joint

  • caused by ageing (most of the time)
  • causes deformities of the hands, feet and limbs and swelling of joints
70
Q

long bone: function and examples

A

long: provide structure & mobility, site of RBC production
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- humerus
- ukna
- radius
- clavicle
- metatarsals
- metacarpals

71
Q

short bone: function and examples

A

short: stability & support + limited movement
- tarsals
- carpals
- phalanges

72
Q

flat bone: function and examples

A

flat: protect internal organs
- cranium
- sternum
- scapula
- ribs
- pelvis
- sacrum

73
Q

irregular bone: function and examples

A

irregular: help protect internal organs
- coccyx
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar

74
Q

sesamoid bone example

A

patella

75
Q

osteoporosis risks

A

lower bone density, resulting in increased risk of fractures

76
Q

osteoporosis causes

A

decrease in Vit D which results in decrease of calcium in bones
smoking

77
Q

osteoporosis treatment and prevention

A
  • adequate calcium intake
  • adequate Vitamin D intake
  • exercise
  • quitting smoking
  • medication
78
Q

flexion

A
  • tricep relaxes and biceps contract
  • hamstrings contract and quadriceps relaxes
79
Q

extension

A
  • triceps contract and biceps relax
  • quadriceps contract and hamstrings relax
80
Q

flexors

A
  • the muscle contracting during flexion
  • e.g. biceps and hamstrings
81
Q

extensors

A
  • the muscle contracting during extension
  • e.g. triceps and quadriceps

Human Biology Y11 (15 decks)

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