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Human Histology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A

Primary: Gas exchange

Secondary: Smell and sound reproduction

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2
Q

What are two features of the respiratory system that facilitate gas exchange?

A
  • Thin blood-air barrier

- High surface area

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3
Q

What are the two regions of the respiratory system? What happens at these parts?

A
  • Conducting part (airways - filtering)

- Respiratory part (gas exchange)

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4
Q

The layers of the respiratory system vary by region, but what are all the possible layer structures that can be encountered in an airway wall (in order)? (5)

A
  • Mucosa (epithelium)
  • Basement membrane
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa
  • Submucosa
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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

A
  • Extrapulmonary (external to lungs)

- Intrapulmonary (inside lungs)

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6
Q

What are the three intrapulmonary conducting parts of the respiratory system?

A
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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7
Q

Are primary bronchi intrapulmonary or extrapulmonary?

A

Extrapulmonary

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8
Q

What are the extrapulmonary conducting parts of the respiratory system in order? (9)

A
  • Nares (nostrils)
  • Nasal vestibule (anterior part of nasal cavity)
  • Nasal cavity
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Nasopharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
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9
Q

What are the four respiratory parts of the respiratory system?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
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10
Q

What type of epithelium constitutes oral epithelium?

A

Stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

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11
Q

The longitudinal sides of the epiglottis are flanked by what two extrapulmonary conductive parts of the respiratory system?

A
  • Pharynx (superior)

- Trachea (inferior)

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12
Q

Why type of cartilage forms a ring around the trachea?

A

Hyaline

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13
Q

What is the structure of cartilage in large bronchi?

A

There are pieces of hyaline cartilage that discontinuously surrounds the lumen of the bronchus.

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14
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory mucosa?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What are the five major cell types of respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Brush cells (columnar with blunt microvilli)
  • Small granule cells
  • Basal cells (mitotically active stem and progenitor cells)

All of these contact an unusually thick basement membrane

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16
Q

What are the three major cell types of olfactory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar)?

A
  • Olfactory neurons
  • Supporting cells (columnar, microvilli)
  • Basal cells (spherical or cone shaped near basal lamina, stem cells for other two types)
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17
Q

What do olfactory glands (Bowman’s glands) do?

A

Produce constant flow of fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia and facilitating the access of new odoriferous substances

These are found in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

What is the trachealis muscle?

A

The bridge of smooth muscle that connects the open ends of hyaline cartilage on the posterior surface of the trachea

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19
Q

When does the trachealis muscle contract and relax?

A
  • Relaxes when swallowing food to allow the esophagus to bulge into trachea
  • Contracts when coughing to accelerate the velocity of expelled air
20
Q

The two primary bronchi enter the lungs at the ___?

A

Hilum

21
Q

How many lobes are in each lung?

A
  • 3 lobes in right lung

- 2 lobes in left lung

22
Q

What are the pyramidally shaped parts of the lung where terminal bronchioles branch out?

A

Pulmonary lobules

23
Q

What type of epithelium do bronchi have? Muscle? Cartilage?

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Bands of smooth muscle
  • Irregular hyaline cartilage plates
24
Q

What types of epithelium do bronchioles have? Muscle? Cartilage? Connective tissue?

A
  • Simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar epithelium with Clara cells
  • Circular layer of smooth muscle (associated with dense connective tissue)
  • No cartilage
25
Q

What types of epithelium do terminal bronchioles have? Muscle? Cartilage?

A
  • Simple cuboidal (ciliated) with Clara cells (no mucosal glands)
  • Thin incomplete layer of smooth muscle
  • No cartilage
26
Q

What are Clara cells?

A

Clara cells are dome-shaped cells with short microvilli found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs. Clara cells are found in the ciliated simple epithelium. These cells may secrete glycosaminoglycans to protect the bronchial lining. Clara/bronchiolar cells gradually increase in number as the number of goblet cells decrease.

They act as stem cells to produce epithelium of terminal bronchioles!

27
Q

What types of epithelium do respiratory bronchioles have? Muscle? Cartilage?

A
  • Simple cuboidal, ciliated, Clara cells, scattered alveoli
  • Smooth muscle mostly only around alveolar openings
  • No cartilage
28
Q

What types of epithelium do alveoli ducts and sacs have? Muscle? Cartilage?

A
  • Simple cuboidal between many alveoli
  • Bands of smooth muscle around alveolar openings
  • No cartilage
29
Q

What types of epithelium do alveoli have? Muscle? Cartilage? Connective tissue?

A
  • Type I and II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  • No muscle or cartilage
  • Network of elastic and reticular fibers
30
Q

Describe the bronchiolar lamina propria

A

Contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle, producing folds in the mucosa

31
Q

What allows alveoli to expand with inspiration and contract passively with expiration?

A

Interalveolar septa consisting of scattered fibroblasts and spare ECM with elastic and reticular fibres. The elastic fibres allows for contraction and relaxation. Reticular fibres prevent collapse and excessive distention of alveoli.

32
Q

What part of the lung is richly innervated with blood capillaries?

A

The interalveolar septa between alveoli

33
Q

What are the three components of the bloor-air barrier?

A
  • Two to three highly attenuated, thin cells lining the alveolus
  • The fused basal laminae of these cells and of the capillary endothelial cells
  • Thin endothelial cells of the capillaries
34
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar pores between alveoli?

A

Equalize air pressure in alveoli and permit collateral circulation of air when a bronchiole is obstructed

35
Q

Are capillary endothelial cells in the lung fenestrated?

A

no

36
Q

What is the most prominent feature in the flattened portions of capillary endothelial cells in the lung?

A

Pinocytotic vesicles

37
Q

What are type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes) and what type of junctions do they have?

A

Extremely flattened epithelial cells that surround alveoli.

These have desmosomes and occluding junctions that prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space

38
Q

What are type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)?

A

Cuboidal cells that bulge into the air space and are attached to the same basement membrane that type I cells are. These divide to replace other type II cells and type I cells. These have lamellar bodies (membrane-bound granules of stacked parallel membrane lamellae containing lipids, phospholipids and proteins) that are continuously being released onto the alveolar apical surface to act as a pulmonary surfactant.

39
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant released by type II pneumocytes do?

A

Provides lubrication to decrease surface tension between alveolar walls, which prevents alveolar collapse at exhalation and allows alveoli to be inflated with less inspiratory force

40
Q

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) are found where and do what?

A
  • Found in alveoli and interalveolar septum
  • Monocytes migrate from microvasculature into lung tissue to phagocytose lost erythrocytes, and airborne particulate matter that has penetrated as far as the alveoli.
41
Q

What two types of blood circulation exist in the lungs?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation (Oxygen depleted)

- Bronchial circulation (systemic, nutrient rich blood)

42
Q

What are the membranes of the lung called? What type of connective tissue do these have?

A

Together they are the pleura

  • Visceral pleura (attached to lung tissue)
  • Parietal pleura (lining thoracic walls

Composed of squamous mesothelial cells on a thin connective tissue layer containing collagen and elastic fibres (allow the lungs to expand)

43
Q

What lies in the pleural cavity between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?

A

Mesothelial cells that normally produce a thin film of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant between the two layers.

44
Q

What is the change in diameter and total cross sectional surface area as you go down the respiratory system?

A
  • Diameter decreases

- Total cross sectional surface area increases

45
Q

What type of epithelium lines bronchi?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

46
Q

Smaller or bigger bronchi have more wrinkled epithelium?

A

smaller

Reduced columnar epithelium

47
Q

Where are mast cells found in the respiratory system? What happens when they’re activated?

A

Lots of mast cells in connective tissue under the epithelium of bronchioles. When they are activated they cause smooth muscle contraction (asthma and certain allergies)

Human Histology II (6 decks)

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