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Human Histology II > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the excretory system?

A
  • Urine production
  • Acid-base balancing
  • Water balancing
  • Salt balancing
  • Hormone production
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2
Q

What are the two components of a renal corpuscle?

A
  • Bowman’s capsule

- Glomerulus (capillaries)

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3
Q

What is the most basic, functional unit of a kidney?

A

Nephron

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4
Q

What are the six components of a nephron? (list in order of filtrate flow)

A
  • Renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule)
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule
  • Collecting duct
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5
Q

What is the region of the kidney where nerves enter, the ureter exits, blood and lymph vessels enter and exit called?

A

The hilum

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6
Q

Within the hilum of the kidney, the upper end of the ureter expands as the ____ and divides into 2/3 major ____, which branch into minor ____. The area surrounding is rich in adipose tissue.

A

Within the hilum of the kidney, the upper end of the ureter expands as the renal pelvis and divides into 2/3 major calyces, which branch into minor calyces. The area surrounding is rich in adipose tissue.

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7
Q

What are the conical structures in the renal medulla called? What separates them?

A

Renal pyramids separated by renal columns

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8
Q

What are the two parts of a distal tubule?

A

A thick straight part ascending from loop of Henle and a convoluted part completely in the cortex

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9
Q

What are the two limbs of the loop of Henle?

A

A thin descending and a thin ascending limb

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10
Q

What are the two parts of a proximal tubule?

A

A convoluted part entirely in the cortex and a long straight part that enters the medulla

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11
Q

Collecting ducts converge in ____ where they deliver urine to a minor calyx.

A

renal papilla

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12
Q

Blood enters glomeruli via ____ arterioles and leaves via ____ arterioles

A

Blood enters glomeruli via afferent arterioles and leaves via efferent arterioles

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13
Q

What are the three main renal functions and where do they happen?

A
  • Filtration (water and solutes enter lumen of the nephron)
  • Tubular secretion (substances move from epithelia of tubules into lumens)
  • Tubular reabsorption (substances move from lumen, across epithelia into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries)
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14
Q

What are the two layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • Visceral layer (closely envelopes glomerular capillaries)

- Parietal layer (forms surface of the capsule)

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15
Q

Where is the urinary space? What does it receive?

A

Between the two layers of Bowman’s capsule

Receives filtrate from the capillary wall and visceral layer

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16
Q

What are the two poles of renal corpuscles?

A
  • Vascular pole (afferent and efferent arterioles)

- Tubular pole (proximal convoluted tubule begins)

17
Q

How does epithelium change from the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule to the tubular pole and proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple squamous epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium (which forms rest of PCT)

18
Q

What type of cells form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule? What type of processes do these have?

A

Podocytes

With primary processes that give rise to pedicels (which come in direct contact with the basal lamina)

19
Q

What are slit pores? What bridges these?

A

The filtration pores between interdigitating pedicels of podocytes on glomerular capillaries. These are bridges by slit diaphragms, which are modifie tight junctions.

20
Q

Are the glomerular capillaries fenestrated?

A

Yes

21
Q

What most separates blood from the urinary space and lies between podocytes and the highly fenestrated endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries?

A

The glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

22
Q

What are the three layers of filtration in renal corpuscles?

A
  • Capillary fenestrations (restrict blood cells and platelets)
  • Glomerular basement membrane (restricts large proteins)
  • The filtration slit diaphragms between pedicels (restricts some small proteins)
23
Q

What type of epithelium constitutes the thin limbs of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

24
Q

What type of epithelium constitutes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

25
Q

Does the proximal convoluted tubule have microvilli?

A

Yes (brush border)

26
Q

What type of epithelium constitutes the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal, smaller cells than in PCT and no brush border

27
Q

Where does most reabsorption of water, organic nutrients and proteins take place in the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

28
Q

What type of epithelium constitute the collecting system of a nephron?

A

Cuboidal to low columnar with distinct cell membranes

29
Q

Antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary influences the body to retain more water, what renal structure does it affect?

A

Affects water permeability at the collecting ducts

30
Q

What are the three transitional epithelium layers that compose the bladder walls?

A
  • Small basal cells resting on very thin basement membrane
  • Intermediate region containing one to several layers of cuboidal/columnar cells
  • Umbrella cells at the luminal surface, differentiated to protect against hypertonic urine, sometimes bi or multinucleated
31
Q

Which kidney sits lower in the body? Why?

A

The right kidney, because of the liver

32
Q

What is the main driver of migration of materials out of glomerular capillaries and into the urinary space?

A

The pressure in the capillaries is slightly higher than in the urinary space

33
Q

What creates an osmolarity gradient across the renal medulla and cortex? What is this gradient?

A

The loop of Henle

Osmolarity increases from cortex to medulla

34
Q

How are ions pumped against their concentration gradient in the ascending segment of the loop of Henle?

A

Ion pumps

35
Q

What two hormones affects the distal convoluted tubule? How?

A

Aldosterone causes Na pumps to pump more Na (reclaims more sodium to blood)

Antidiuretic hormone changes water permeability of DCT

36
Q

What is the wall structure of the ureter?

A
  • Mucosa (transitional)
  • Muscularis
  • Adventitia (loose connective tissue)
37
Q

Why is mucosa of the ureter constantly dividing? What layer supports this?

A

Because urine is harmful to cells

Loose connective tissue of lamina propria supports the dividing mucosa

38
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle in the bladder? What is the constitution of these layers?

A

3 layers

Mostly smooth muscle with some skeletal mixed in

Human Histology II (6 decks)

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