Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Histology II > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A
  • Break down food
  • Absorb
  • Excrete
  • Defend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal system wall?

A
  • Mucosa (deepest)
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa (shallowest)
  • Serosa (or adventitia around the esophagus, rectum and anal canal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the six regions of the gastrointestinal system in order from intake to excretion?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anal canal
  • Rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine, from stomach to large intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What divides the stomach from the esophagus?

A

The gastro-esophageal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three parts (from shallow to deep) of a stomach gland?

A
  • Gastric pit
  • Isthmus (neck)
  • Gastric gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCL

Intrinsic factor essential for B12 absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of cells lie at the base of stomach glands?

A

Chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do chief cells in stomach glands produce?

A

Zymogen granules, which contain pepsin precurosor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are plicae and where are they found?

A

Round folds in the wall of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are villi and where are they found?

A

Epithelium folded into projections in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two features are found throughout all regions of the small intestine?

A
  • Plicae

- Villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There are glands between villi in the small intestine, what do these do?

A

Secrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is the lamina propria of the small intestine vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What moves the villi in the small intestine?

A

The muscular mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the layer of the small intestine that is responsible for peristalsis?

A

The muscular externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the arrangements of smooth muscle in the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa in the small intestine?

A

Inner: circumferential
Outer: longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What regions of the small intestine absorb nutrients?

A

All of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a defining feature of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is characteristic of the jejunum? (2 things)

A
  • HIgh surface area
  • Large folds
  • No Peyer’s patches or Brunner’s glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are two things characteristic of the ileum?

A
  • Lymphoid

- Peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The small intestine goes from big to small or small to big?

A

Big to small (in duodenum to ileum direction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are peyer’s patches?

A

Only found in the ileum, they are organized lymphoid nodules that facilitate and begin an immune response in the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name of the three longitudinal muscles in the wall of the large intestine? What are there functions?

A

Tenia coli

Visible just under the serosa, these push waste bolus into the rectum for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do the tenia coli converge in the large intestine?

A

The appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A
  • Epithelial lining
  • Lamina propria (loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels, lymphatics and smooth muscle cells)
  • Muscularis mucosae (separates mucosa from submucosa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is the muscularis externa of the GI system wall organized?

A
  • Internal sublayer (closer to lumen) with circular fiber orientation
  • External sublayer has longitudinal fiber orientation
28
Q

How is food churned and propelled forward in the GI system?

A

The myenteric plexus and enteric nervous system of the digestive system cause contractions of the muscularis.

29
Q

What is the serosa?

A

A thin layer of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels, lymphatics and adipose tissue with a simple squamous covering epithelium that surrounds the GI system and is continuous to mesenteries (in the abdominal cavity) which are continuous with peritoneum (cavity membrane)

30
Q

What replaces the serosa in the esophagus?

A

The adventitia, a connective tissue layer that merges with the surrounding tissues and lacks mesothelium (epithelium associated with the serosa)

31
Q

What layer of the GI system is most rich with macrophages and lymphocytes?

A

The lamina propria in the mucosa

32
Q

The oral cavity is lined with what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous, may be keratinized or not, depending on location

33
Q

What type of epithelium does the esophagus have?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

34
Q

Where are esophageal glands that secrete mucus in the esophagus found? (ie. what layer of the wall)

A

The submucosus

35
Q

How is muscle divided down the length of the esophagus?

A
  • upper one third is skeletal muscle
  • Middle portion is mix of skeletal and smooth
  • Lower third is exclusively smooth
36
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia (transitional between esophagus and stomach)
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus (to small intestine with pyloric sphincter)
37
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the stomach that flatten when it’s filled with food

38
Q

What type of epithelium is in the stomach (past the esophagogastric junction)?

A

Simple columnar epithelium that invaginates deeply into the lamina propria (each invagination forming gastric pits with openings to the stomach lumen)

39
Q

What cells secrete a thick mucous layer that is rich in bicarbonate ions and protects the mucosa from abrasive effects of food and stomach acid?

A

Surface mucous cells (goblet cells)

Mucous neck cells have less alkaline secretions than surface mucous cells, they are also less columnar.

40
Q

Where are stem cells found in the stomach wall?

A

In the isthmus of gastric pits

41
Q

What type of cells are found in the gastric pit?

A
  • Surface mucous cells
42
Q

What type of cells are found in the isthmus/neck of gastric pits/glands?

A
  • Mucous neck cells

- Parietal cells

43
Q

What type of cells are found in gastric glands?

A
  • Parietal cells

- Chief cells

44
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are found in the muscularis of the stomach?

A

3

  • Outer longitudinal layer
  • Middle circular layer
  • Inner oblique layer
45
Q

What are the permanent circular or semicircular folds of mucosa/submucosa in the lining of the small intestine called?

A

Plicase circulares

46
Q

What is the structure of villi in the small intestine?

A
  • Covered in enterocytes (simple columnar) with microvilli covered in glycocalyx
  • Interspersed goblet cells
  • Core of lamina propria loose connective tissue (fibroblasts, smooth muscle, lymphocytes and plasma cells)
  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Central lymphatic vessel called the lacteal
47
Q

What is the function of Brunner glands in the duodenum?

A

Secretes mucus that is alkaline enough to neutralize chyme and protect the duodenum mucus membrane and bring intestinal contents to optimum pH for enzymatic digestion

48
Q

What are Peyer patches in the mucosa and submucosa of the ileum?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) consisting of lymphoid nodules underlying epithelial cells

49
Q

The myenteric nerve plexus produces peristalsis. Where is this located in the small intestine?

A

Between the outer and inner muscularis

50
Q

The mucosa of the large intestine lacks ____ and ____ (except in the rectum).

A

The mucosa of the large intestine lacks villi and folds (except in the rectum, where there are folds).

51
Q

Where are feces stored prior to evacuation?

A

The rectum

52
Q

The wall of the colon is puckered into a series of large sacs called ____?

A

Haustra

53
Q

What type of cells are found in the intestinal glands of the colon?

A
  • Goblet cells
  • Columnar absorptive cells (colonocytes)
  • Enteroendocrine cells (small number)
  • Stem cells (bottom third of gland)
54
Q

What features of colonocytes indicates fluid absorption?

A

Irregular microvilli dilated intercellular spaces

55
Q

How do the two layers of muscularis differ between the colon and the small intestine?

A

The outer layer in the colon is split into three longitudinal bands called teniae coli.

56
Q

At the rectoanal junction (rectum - anal canal), the simple columnar mucosal lining of the rectum is replaced by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

57
Q

What are anal columns?

A

Longitudinal folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the anal canal

58
Q

What layer of the anal wall forms the internal/external anal sphincter? Which sphincter is responsible for defecation?

A

Internal anal sphincter formed by inner circular layer of muscularis

External anal sphincter formed by voluntary skeletal muscle (responsible for defecation)

59
Q

What are the distinguishing feature of the anal canal’s submucosa?

A

venous sinuses

60
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of esophageal submucosa?

A

Small esophageal glands (mainly mucous)

61
Q

What is the major region in the gut wall providing strength? How?

A

Submucosa, by many bundles of type I collagen

62
Q

What is the purpose of papillae in the esophagus?

A

Reinforce epithelium of mucosa into lamina propria

63
Q

How can skeletal muscle be identified in the esophagus? Rather than smooth muscle?

A

Lots of nuclei

64
Q

Where does lipid digestion begin?

A

In the stomach with lipase

65
Q

What is chyme?

A

food and enzymes in the stomach

Human Histology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions