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Human Histology II > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are three functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Barrier
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensory
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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis in order from deep to shallow?

A

Dermis

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum

Surface of skin

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3
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer

- Reticular layer

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4
Q

What are two synonyms for subcutaneous tissue and what is it?

A

Hypodermis, subcutis

The deepest layer of the integumentary system (below the dermis)

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5
Q

What types of cell dominates the stratum basale?

A

Melanocytes

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6
Q

What types of cells dominate the stratum spinosum?

A

Spinosum cells filled with melanin granules

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7
Q

What is found in spinosum cells?

A

Melanin granules

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8
Q

Where do sebaceous glands secrete to?

A

Hair follicles

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9
Q

Where are dermal papillae?

A

Between the dermis and epidermis

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10
Q

What do epidermal ridges interdigitate with? Why?

A

Dermal papillae, to strengthen adhesion between the dermis and epidermis.

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11
Q

The epidermis mostly consists of ____ epithelium composed of cells called ______

A

The epidermis mostly consists of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called keratinocytes

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12
Q

What are the four cells of epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells (antigen producing)
  • Merkel cells (somatosensory receptor cells)
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13
Q

The designation of thick and thin skin refers to?

A

The thickness of the epidermal layer

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14
Q

What is the stratum basale? (epithelial type, defining characteristic)

A
  • Single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells on the basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction
  • Intense mitotic activity for progenitation of keratinocytes
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15
Q

What is the stratum spinosum? (epithelial type, defining characteristic)

A
  • Central nuclei and actively synthesizing keratins

- Many layers of epithelium, this is the thickest layer of the epidermis

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16
Q

What is the stratum granulosum? (epithelial type, defining characteristic)

A
  • Three to five layers of flattened cells undergoing keratinization
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17
Q

What is the stratum lucidum? (epithelial type, defining characteristic)

A
  • Found only in thick skin

- thin translucent layer layer of flattened, dead eosinophilic keratinocytes

18
Q

What is the stratum corneum? (epithelial type, defining characteristic)

A
  • Consists of 15 to 20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with keratins
  • Protects against friction and water loss
19
Q

What are three components of the papillary layer of the dermis?

A
  • Areolar (loose) connective tissue
  • Dermal papillae
  • Subpapillary vascular plexus
20
Q

What are six components of the reticular layer of the dermis?

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue with elastin
  • Hair follicles
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Nerves
  • Blood vessels extending into the subcutaneous layer
21
Q

What are the two components of the subcutaneous layer? Is it part of integument?

A
  • Areolar (loose) connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue

Not part of integument

22
Q

What part of the body are merkel cells most commonly found?

A

Where sensitive touch is needed, eg. fingertips and the base of hair follicles

23
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Pain, itching, high and low temperature

24
Q

What three encapsulated receptors are mechanoreceptors in the skin? What does each detect?

A
  • Meissner corpuscles (light touch, low frequency touch)
  • Pacinian corpuscles (Coarse touch, pressure and vibrations)
  • Ruffini corpuscles (tension or torque)
25
Q

What provides the capillary network required to sustain a hair follicle?

A

A dermal papillae inserted into the base of the hair bulb

26
Q

What are the two parts of hair?

A
  • Hair root (under skin surface)

- Hair shaft (projecting from skin)

27
Q

Where do sebaceous glands empty?

A

The upper portion of a hair follicle

28
Q

What is the product of sebaceous glands and how is it released?

A

Sebum (lipids)

Released by holocrine secretion, where proliferating basal epithelial cells push other developing gland cells further towards the duct where the cell disintegrates and releases its product.

29
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands (coiled secretory region and extended duct region to sweat pore, small lumens, stratified cuboidal epithelium)
  • Apocrine sweat glands (large lumens, simple cuboidal epithelium, empty into hair follicles, develop mostly after puberty)
30
Q

In eccrine sweat glands, what part (duct or secretory) is more pale staining?

A

The secretory part is more pale staining

31
Q

What are the three major exocrine glands in skin?

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Apocrine sweat glands
32
Q

What is leather?

A

Cross linked reticular layer collagen in the dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)

33
Q

What are 6 features of the hypodermis?

A
  • Highly vascular
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Touch receptors
  • Glands
  • Best place to inject drugs via hypodermic needle
34
Q

Hair follicles are surrounded by what type of epithelium?

A

stratum basale

35
Q

All hair follicles are slanted ___ or more

A

45 degrees

36
Q

What do arrector pili muscles do? what are they attached to?

A

Stand hairs up from 45 degrees to 90 degrees

Attached to epidermis and hair follicle base

37
Q

The stratum basale makes ___ and ___ around the hair bulb

A

Keratinocytes and melanocytes

Keratinocytes die at about the medulla

38
Q

Matrix cells of the hair bulb cover a vascular dermal papillae, matrix cells are actively dividing into ___?

A

Hair cortex

39
Q

What are hair cells? What type of epidermal layer do they best represent?

A

Dead, flat keratinocytes, similar to stratum corneum

40
Q

What are the three components of sweat secreted by eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • Water to cool skin by evaporation
  • Nitrogenous waste and other metabolite
  • Chemical messengers
41
Q

What are the two components of sweat secreted by apocrine sweat glands found in the armpits/groin?

A
  • Hormone secretion

- Antibacterial material

42
Q

What type of epithelium exists in eccrine sweat gland ducts and secretory portion?

A

2 layers of of cuboidal epithelium, the duct wall is thinner than the coiled secretory portion

Stratified cuboidal epithelium in secretory portion

Human Histology II (6 decks)

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