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BIOLEC FINALS > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

How lungs operate?

A

Through exhalation and inhalation

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2
Q

When it happens, diaphragm relax, pushes the lungs up

A

Exhalation

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3
Q

When it happens, diaphragm contracts and flattens

A

Inhalation

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4
Q

originates as infoldings (Invaginations)

A

Lungs

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5
Q

types of ventilation

A

nondirectional, tidal, unidirectional

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6
Q

medium flows past the respiratory surface in an unpredictable pattern

A

nondirectional

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7
Q

medium moves in and out

A

tidal

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8
Q

medium enters the chamber at one point and exits at another

A

unidirectional

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9
Q

chamber lined by moist epithelium with a network of capillaries

A

lungs

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10
Q

site of O2 and CO2 exchange

A

lungs –> bronchioles –> alveoli

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11
Q

trachea branches into _________

A

two bronchi to each lung

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12
Q

how many times does the bronchus branches?

A

22 more times

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13
Q

human airways

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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14
Q

passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs

A

bronchus

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15
Q

where does bronchioles connect to?

A

alveoli

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16
Q

thin-walled, inflatable, grape-like sacs at the terminal branches of conducting airways

A

alveoli

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17
Q

what does each layer of alveoli contain?

A

epithelial cells

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18
Q

two types of epithelial cells

A

Type I cells → for gas exchange, large and occupy 95% of alveolar surface area (Pneumocyte type 1)
Type II cells → secrete surfactant (small cells) (Pneumocyte type II)

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19
Q

double-walled closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall and other surrounding structures

A

pleural sacs

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20
Q

membrane in the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

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21
Q

lines the chest cavity in the lungs

A

Parietal pleura

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22
Q

fills the space between the lungs

A

Intrapleural fluid (lubricating)

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23
Q

the relationship between the pleural sacs and the lung

A

The pleural sac forms a double membrane surrounding the lung, similar to a fluid-filled balloon surrounding an air-filled balloon

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24
Q

muscular partition that separates thorax (containing the heart and lungs), from abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

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25
Q

2 phases of breathing

A

Inhalation (inspiration)
Exhalation (expiration)

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26
Q

What happens in inhalation?

A

ribs raised, diaphragm flattened, thoracic space enlarged, pressure in lungs reduced, external air moves down the trachea and into the lungs, rib muscles contract

27
Q

what happens in exhalation?

A

lungs compressed, rib muscles relax, air is forced outward

28
Q

Gas exchange at the lungs and in the body cells moves oxygen into cells and carbon dioxide out

A

Circulation and Gas Exchange

29
Q

air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the blood that flows in the pulmonary capillaries

A

Gas exchange

30
Q

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen that diffuses into the bloodstream

A

oxygen transport

31
Q

carbon dioxide can dissolve in plasma, and about 70% forms bicarbonate ions

A

carbon dioxide transport

32
Q

defined as inflow & outflow of air between the atmosphere & the lung alveoli

A

pulmonary ventilation

32
Q

mollusks and arthropods; copper instead of iron blue when oxygenated

A

hemocyanin

33
Q

What controls breathing?

A

> Respiratory center in the Medulla of the brain
stimulated by an excess of CO2
CO2 excess
Neurons control
inspiratory and expiratory neurons

34
Q

newborn baby

A

> lungs inflated with 1st breath after interruption of a placental circulation
the newborn’s central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment

35
Q

mountain climbing

A

need O2; also need exercise
air in high altitudes is low; lower barometric pressure

36
Q

SCUBA

A

Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

37
Q

max limit for experienced diver

A

36 - 46 m (120 to 150 ft)

38
Q

Underwater martini

A

Narcosis

39
Q

decompression sickness

A

bends

40
Q

severe cases of bends

A

> mechanical damage to nervous tissue
mental disorders and paralysis

41
Q

Exchange of gases

A

respiration

42
Q

2 stages of respiration

A

internal and external

43
Q

exchange between the environment and respiratory organ

A

external respiration

44
Q

physical process in which oxygen is taken up by capillaries of lung alveoli and carbon dioxide is released from the blood

A

external respiration

45
Q

exchange between body fluids and tissue cells

A

internal respiration

46
Q

ensuring the transport of oxygen in the blood form the lungs to the cells, and the transport of metabolic carbon dioxide from the tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs

A

internal respiration

47
Q

2 types of respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic

48
Q

with oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

49
Q

energy is obtained in the absence of oxygen (glycolysis)

A

anaerobic respiration

50
Q

important for respiratory gas exchange

A

moist permeable membrane

51
Q

> separates the external envt from inside
allows oxygen gas to dissolve and at the same time allow it to diffuse across the membrane

A

moist permeable membrane

52
Q

> utilization of oxygen in the cells and release of CO2
Production of ATP via oxidation of carbohydrates, AA, or fatty acids
Oxygen is consumed and CO2 is produced

A

cellular respiration

53
Q

respiratory strategies

A
  • circulating the external medium through the body
  • diffusion of gases across the body surface accompanied by circulatory transport; cutaneous respiration
  • diffusion of gases across a specialized respiratory surface accompanied by circulatory transport; gills (evaginations) and lungs (invaginations)
54
Q

what respiratory strategy does sponges, cnidarians, and insects use?

A

circulating the external medium through the body

55
Q

what respiratory strategy does most aquatic invertebrates, some amphibians use?

A

diffusion of gases across the body surface accompanied by circulatory transport; Cutaneous respiration

56
Q

what respiratory strategy does Vertebrates use?

A

diffusion of gases across a specialized respiratory surface accompanied by circulatory transport: Gills (evaginations) or lungs (invaginations)

57
Q

> gills originate as outpocketings (evaginations)
Salamander, Polychaete

A

external gills

58
Q

simple diffusion through moist surface

A

> Protozoa (moist value)
Earthworm - blood vessels via tissue

59
Q

Respiration through skin
> found in some aquatic invertebrates and a few vertebrates
> salamander, annelid, frog

A

cutaneous respiration

60
Q
  • series of narrow tubes leading from surface to deep within body,
  • gases move in the tubes via a combination of diffusion and bulk flow
A

tracheal system

61
Q

how many bronchioles does each lung has?

A

30,000

62
Q

inflation of pleura

A

pleuritis

BIOLEC FINALS (4 decks)

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