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BIOLEC FINALS > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Process of breaking down food into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body

A

digestion

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2
Q

The taking of the digested parts of the food into the bloodstream

A

absorption

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3
Q

Consists of parts of the body involved in chewing and digesting food

A

digestive system

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4
Q

feeding types

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Detritivores
Scavenging
Microphagous
Macrophagous

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5
Q

types of feeders

A

ingestive eaters
absorptive feeders
substrate feeders
filter feeders
fluid feeders

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6
Q

use mouth to ingest food

A

ingestive eaters

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7
Q

live in a digestive system of another animal and absorb nutrients from that animal directly through their body wall

A

absorptive feeders

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8
Q

eat the material (dirt or wood) they burrow through

A

substrate feeders

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9
Q

collect small organisms and particles from the surrounding water

A

filter feeders

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10
Q

pierce the body of a plant or animal and withdraw fluids

A

fluid feeders

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11
Q

some feeding types (familiarize lang)

A

Algal Grazers and Browsers
Suspension Feeding
Filter Feeding
Deposit Feeding
Benthic Animal Predators
Plankton Pickers
Corallivores
Piscivores
Omnivores
Detritivores
Scavengers
Parasites
Cannibals
Ontogenetic Dietary Shifts

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12
Q

rock python is what feeder?

A

bulk feeder

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13
Q

Humpback whale is what feeder

A

suspension feeder

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14
Q

two types of digestive system?

A

incomplete and complete

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15
Q

One opening for ingestion and egestion
e.g. Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, planarians

A

incomplete

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16
Q

Presence of mouth and anus e.g. earthworms

A

complete

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17
Q

food entry (lips, mouth, teeth)

A

ingestion

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18
Q
  • From mouth to stomach, ends in duodenum
  • Physical manipulation of food
  • Chemical breakdown of food
  • Release of H2, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive tract and accessory glands
A

digestion

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19
Q
  • The rest of small intestine
  • Of small org molecules across digestive epithelium
A

absorption

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20
Q

Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used

A

assimilation

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21
Q

removal of waste food materials in the body (cloaca, anus, or vent)

A

egestion

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22
Q

simplest digestive compartment

A

food vacuoles

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23
Q

contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands

A

mouth and mouth cavity

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24
Q

gasp, tear and chew food

A

teeth

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25
Q

may help in capturing or manipulating

A

tongue

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26
Q

secrete saliva to lubricate the food and start digestion

A

salivary glands

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27
Q

Connects nasal cavities to esophagus

A

pharynx

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28
Q

Flexible tube carrying food past the origin of the heart

A

esophagus

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29
Q

Large pouch where food is stored and some digestion occurs

A

stomach

30
Q

Long, slender, coiled tube; principal region for digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

31
Q
  • Portion where water and salt absorption occurs
  • Some cellulose is partly digested by bacteria
  • Undigested residues are formed into relatively dry masses (feces) for expulsion
A

large intestine (colon)

32
Q
  • grind and breakdown of food
  • Stimulate saliva production
  • Mix food with saliva
A

chewing

33
Q

composition of saliva

A

99.5% water, 0.5% protein and electrolytes
Protein: amylase, mucus, lysozyme

34
Q

functions of saliva

A

Water: softens food
Amylase: polysaccharide breakdown
Mucus: lubrication
Lysozyme: kills bacteria, prevents tooth decay

35
Q

regulation of release of saliva

A
  • Parasympathetic NS (responding to sight, smell, thought of food)
  • Sympathetic NS (transient); (saliva flow, blood flow)
  • Acidic fruit juices, mechanical contract
36
Q

main parts of salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

37
Q

accessory structures

A

Teeth, tongue, lips

38
Q

function of oral cavity

A

Food ingestion, mastication, lubrication, partial CBH digestion (amylase)

39
Q

where swallowing take place (aided by peristalsis)
Due to circular muscles in digestive Tract

A

esophagus

40
Q

where swallowing moves food from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and then to the stomach

A

mouth and pharynx

41
Q

> Line inner surface of stomach
Secretes 2L of gastric juices

A

epithelial cells

42
Q

Contain HCl, pepsinogen and mucus

A

gastric juices

43
Q

(mix of acid and food in stomach) leaves stomach and enters small intestine

A

chyme

44
Q

Chyme enters slowly through the pyloric sphincter
> Plays an important role in digestion
> Acts as a valve to control the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine

A

midgut

45
Q

> Major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients
3m tube, w/ the surface area of a 500-600m long tube

A

small intestine

46
Q

emulsifies fats, facilitating their breakdown into progressively smaller fat globules

A

bile

47
Q

where major absorption occurs

A

duodenum and jejunum

48
Q

> The inner surface has circular folds that more than triple the surface area for absorption
Absorbed substances pass through the ‘brush border’ (microvilli forming on top of epithelial cell) into the capillary

A

duodenum and jejunum

49
Q

Produce and send bile to the small intestine via the hepatic duct

A

liver and gallbladder

50
Q

produced in liver, stored & concentrated in the gallbladder

A

bile

51
Q

composition of bile

A

bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol (emulsify fats), bicarbonate (neutralizes HCl), lecithin

52
Q

functions of bile

A
  • bile salt and water: emulsifies lipid
  • Lecithin: prevents reaggregation
  • Bicarbonate: neutralizes gastric HC
53
Q

liver functions

A
  1. Detoxification of blood
  2. Synthesis of blood proteins
  3. Destruction of old erythrocytes and conversion of hemoglobin into a component of bile
  4. Production of bile
  5. Storage of bile
  6. Storage of glucose as glycogen, and it release when blood sugar levels drop
54
Q

Sends pancreatic juice, which neutralizes the chyme, to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct

A

pancreas

55
Q

The site of production of several hormones, such as glucagon and insulin

A

pancreas

56
Q

Made up by the colon, cecum, appendix, and rectum

A

large intestine

57
Q

Material in the large intestine is ____________

A

mostly indigestible residue and liquid

58
Q

fluid exchanges

A

> Oral intake: 1200 ml/day
Secretions: 7000 ml/day
Absorption: 8100 ml/day
Feces: 100 ml/day

59
Q

significance of fluid exhanges

A

potential for fluid loss if absorption compromised

60
Q

patterns of GI contraction and relaxation; tone of sphincters

A

motility

61
Q

Control of secretion of digestive enzymes & regulatory hormones

A

secretion

62
Q

breakdown of ingested nutrients into forms which can be absorbed

A

digestion

63
Q

transport of small molecules from the Gastrointestinal tract into the blood

A

absorption

64
Q

what organ/s are responsible for digestion?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

65
Q

what organ/s are responsible for secretion?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

66
Q

what organ/s are responsible for absorption?

A

small intestine

67
Q

what organ/s are responsible for motility?

A

entire GI track

68
Q

GI function

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas

69
Q

erosion of stomach wall; pain occurs in 1-3 hours after eating

A

gastric ulcer

70
Q

what are the 90% of recurrent ulcers due to?

A

bacterial infection (Helicobacter pylori), which destroys mucous protective barrier

71
Q

gastric motility control

A

Volume of chyme
> smooth muscle excitability
Degree of fluidity
> regulates rate of evacuation

BIOLEC FINALS (4 decks)

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