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Physiology Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does gas diffusion in air depend on?

A

Partial pressure gradient

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2
Q

What does gas diffusion in water depend on?

A

Partial pressure and solubility

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3
Q

What are the two pumps in human gas transport system?

A

Air and blood

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4
Q

What are the two diffusion barriers in human gas transport system?

A

Respiratory surface
Capillary wall

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5
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 heme groups each with 1 iron

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6
Q

Why is there a sigmoid curve for Hemoglobin oxygen binding?

A

Subunit cooperation
binding on O2 makes it easier to bind a second

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7
Q

What does a small change on PO2 do to O2 saturation?

A

Large change

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8
Q

How does low PO2 effect hemoglobin O2 affinity?

A

Low affinity

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9
Q

Why does oxygen load at respiratory surface and unload at tissues?

A

High PO2 in lungs
Low PO2 in tissues

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10
Q

Is PO2 higher in veins or srteries?

A

Arteries

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11
Q

What 5 factors reduce hemoglobin O2 affinity?

A
  1. Increase in PCO2
  2. Increase in temp
  3. Increase in 2,3 DPG in RBC
  4. Increase in ATP in RBC
  5. Decrease in pH, bohr affect
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12
Q

What tissues are all 5 factors of reduced hemoglobin O2 affinity found in?

A

Tissues with elevated metabolic rate and needing O2

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13
Q

What is the bohr effect?

A

Increase in pH increases O2 saturation

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14
Q

What is the significance of the bohr effect?

A

CO2 in blood at tissue level decreased pH, reduced O2 affinity to unload O2
Vice versa for lung tissue

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15
Q

What is the difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

Myoglobin only has 1 heme, can only carry on oxygen

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16
Q

How does O2 affinity differ in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

Myoglobin has a higher O2 affinity, only releases wehn PO2 is very low

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17
Q

What is the purpose of myoglobin

A

Store of oxygen in muscles

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18
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

Irreversibly binds to hemoglobin

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19
Q

Why is sickle cell anemia dangerous?

A

Change in RBC shape
Blood flow to organs restricted

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20
Q

How is sickle cell anemia treated?

A

Medicine that stimulates production of fetal hemoglobin without the defect

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21
Q

What structures are in the conducting zone?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

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22
Q

What structures are in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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23
Q

What is the conduction zone?

A

Transports air to and from respiratory zone
Warms and moistens air
Sound production

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24
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Area lined with alveoli
Gas exchange

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25
Q

What type of blood vessels surround alveoli?

A

Blood capillaries

26
Q

What is the interstitial space?

A

Between capillary and alveolar epithelium

27
Q

What is the partial pressure of N2 in the inspired air vs the alveolar air?

A

601 vs 760

28
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the inspired air vs the alveolar air?

A

159 vs 105

29
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the inspired air vs the alveolar air?

A

0.3 vs 40

30
Q

How does pulmonary artery pressure compare to aorta pressure?

A

relatively low
35 vs 100

31
Q

What 2 sources does the lung receive blood from?

A

Pulmonary artery
Bronchial circulation

32
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood
Major flow

33
Q

What type of blood does bronchial circulation carry?

A

Oxygenated blood
Minor flow
Part of systemic circulation

34
Q

Is blood pressure lower in pulmonary or systemic circulation?

A

Systemic

35
Q

What is a result of low blood pressure in systemic ciruclation?

A

Reduced filtration of fluid in lungd

36
Q

What happesn if blood pressure is high in lungs?

A

Fluid collects
Reduced gas transfer

37
Q

How does the lungs prevent high blood pressure?

A

Extensive lymphatic drainage

38
Q

What are two methods to remove water from alveolus?

A

Buildup osmotic pressure
Lymph ssytem drainage

39
Q

What is the blood distribution in the lungs?

A

Low blood flow at top of lungs
More flow at base
Even distribution horizontally

40
Q

What is the lung ventilation/perfusion ratio in the zones of the lungs?

A

Zone 1: overventilated
Zone 2: Normal
Zone 3: Underventilated

41
Q

What is the result of uneven ventilation in the lungs?

A

PO2 of blood leaving lungs is lower than in alvveolar air, not 100% O2 trasnfer

42
Q

How can ventilation match with perfusion?

A

Constriction or dialation

43
Q

How does alveolar pressure compare to atmospheric pressure during inhaltion and exhalation?

A

Pressure greater in atmosphere during inspiration
Pressure greater in alveoli during exhalation

44
Q

Is bronchoconstriction stimulation from parasympathetic or sympathetic system?

A

Parasympathetic

45
Q

Is bronchodilation stimulation from parasympathetic or sympathetic system?

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

What stimulates bronchoconstriction?

A

Histamine
Irritants

47
Q

What stimulates bronchodilation?

A

Epinephrine
High alveolar PCO2

48
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air in normal breath

49
Q

What is inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume?

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be acheived with maximal effort

50
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air remaining in lungs after expiratory reserve volume, keeps alveoli inflated

51
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Peak of IRV to valley of ERV

52
Q

What is dead space?

A

air volume that does not undergo gas exchange

53
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air in conduction zone at end of inspiration

54
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Air in non perfused alveoli + alveolar air at end of expiration

55
Q

What controls involuntary breathing?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

56
Q

What controls voluntary breathing?

A

Cerebral cortex

57
Q

What neurons of the medulla oblongata control breathing?

A

DRG
VRG
PRG

58
Q

What does the central pattern generator do?

A

Automatic rhythmic control of breathing
Inspiratory and expiratory neurons alternate firing

59
Q

What happens during hypoventilation?

A

PCO2 rises, pH falls

60
Q

What happens during hyperventilation?

A

PCO2 falls, pH rises

61
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation, Carbonic acid is high

62
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation, Carbonic acid is low

Physiology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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