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Physiology Exam 2 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two loops of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary
Systemic

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2
Q

Why are there two loops of the circulatory system?

A

Separate functions of gas exchange and excretion

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3
Q

When do heart valves open?

A

Pressure greater behind the valve, one way valve

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4
Q

How deos the ehart separate blood?

A

Double pump
Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

drains interstitial spaces, returns to veins

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6
Q

Where is the majority of blood in the circulatory system?

A

50% in blood

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7
Q

What are the atria?

A

Upper part of the heart, separated by septum

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8
Q

What are teh ventricles?

A

Lower part of the heart, separated by septum

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9
Q

Are there more muscle sin the atria or the ventricles?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Prevent backflow

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11
Q

Is the bicuspid valve on the left or right of the heart?

A

Left

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12
Q

Is the tricuspid valve on the left or right of the heart?

A

Right

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13
Q

What are the steps of a heart beating?

A
  1. Blood flows into relaxed heart
  2. Atria contract- blood forced into ventricles
  3. Ventricles contract- blood is pmped out
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14
Q

What is systole?

A

Between atria conracting and ventricle contracting

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15
Q

What is diastole?

A

After ventricle pumps before atria contracts

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16
Q

How does cardiac AP compart to nerve AP?

A

Longer duration, longer refractory period

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17
Q

Is summation of tension in cardiac muscle possible?

A

No

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18
Q

What are the pacemaker cells?

A

SA node

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19
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Atria

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20
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Ventricles

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21
Q

What is the process of control of a heartbeat?

A

SA node starts AP - atria contract
Signal spread to AV node- ventricles contract

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22
Q

Why does atria contract before ventricles?

A

0.1s delay between SA node and AV node

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23
Q

What portion of an EKG corresponds to SA node firing?

A

First half of p wave

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24
Q

What portion of an EKG corresponds to atria contracting and then AV node firing?

A

Last half of p wave

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25
What portion of an EKG corresponds to the signal passing to heart apex?
PR segment- flat
26
What portion of an EKG corresponds to ventricle contracting?
QRS complex
27
What is the resting membrane potential of pacemaker cells?
-60mV
28
What is the threshold membrane potential of pacemaker cells?
-40mV
29
What causes spontaneous depolarization of pacemaker cells?
Na+ flowing through channels open when hyperpolarized
30
What happens at threshold potential of pacemaker cells?
voltage gated calcium channels open
31
What causes repolarization of pacemaker cells?
Opening of K+ channels
32
What is cardiac output?
Fluid pumped by each ventricle per unit time
33
What is stroke volume?
Fluid pumped with each heartbeat
34
What is the equation for stroke volume
End-diastolic volume- end-systolic volume
35
What is the equaiton for cardiac output?
Heart rate times stroke volume
36
What is the frank-starling effect?
More cardiac muscle stretch= more contraction
37
What does stretching in cardiac muscle result in?
Ability to form more cross bridges
38
What are extrinsic controls of the heart?
Information from receptors Blood pressure Mechanoreceptors pH and gas levels
39
Where are the extrinsic controls of the heart processed?
Medulla cardiovascular center in the brain
40
What is the response to extrinsic controls of the heart?
Autonomic nervous acts on PAcemaker cells Cardiac output pressure
41
What effects does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on pacemaker cells?
Acetylcholin opens K+ channes Slower heartrate
42
What effects does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on pacemaker cells?
Faster heart rate Norepinephrine opens calcium channels
43
What effects does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on the AV cells?
Decrease heart rate reduce conduction velocity
44
What effects does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on the AV cells?
Increase heart rate Increase conduction velocity
45
What is systolic pressure?
Pressure when ventricles contract
46
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure when ventricles are at rest
47
What are baroreceptors?
Stretch sensitive mechanorecerptors in the walls of major blood vessles
48
What organ helps to maintain blood volume?
Kidney
49
How do kidneys maintain blood pressure?
Managing blood volume
50
What is the positive feedback loop when arterial pressure falls?
Decreased blood flow to tissues Wast builds up Vessels widen Arterial pressure falls
51
What are the two negative feedback loops when arterial pressure falls?
Kidney Arterial stretch sensors
52
What is the process of negative feedback loops in the kidneys when arterial pressure falls?
Kidney releases renin renin activates angiotensin Angiotensin causes vessles to constrict Arterial pressure rises
53
What is the process of negative feedback loops in the arterial stretch sensors when arterial pressure falls?
Firing in stretch sensors decrease Hypothalmus releases vasopressin Vasopressin stimulates water resorption by kidney Arterial pressure rises
54
What is the arterial system?
Capillaries Arterioles Arteries
55
What is the structure of Capillaries?
Endothelial layer only
56
What is the structure of arterioles?
Endothelium Connective tissue Smooth muscle fibers
57
What is the structure of arteries?
Endothelium More connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers than arterioles
58
Are veins or arteries bigger?
Veins
59
What is ohms law?
Force= change in pressure/resistance
60
What is the equation for resistance?
1/radius^4
61
What happens to flow if resistance is increased?
Decreased flow
62
What is active hyperemia?
Increased blood flow towars metabolically active tissues
63
What are three examples of local flow control?
Precapillary sphincter Active hyperemia Endothelial control
64
What is endothelial control?
Production of nitri oxide, relaxes smooth muscle cells
65
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal
66
What is a continuous capillary?
Least permeable Large amount of pinocytotic vessicles Muscles, neurons, lungs
67
What is a fenestrated capillary?
Intermediate permabilitiy Kidney intestines, endocrine glands Pores
68
What is a sinusoidal capillary?
Most permeable Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes Paracellular gaps
69
What does movement in and out of capillaries depend on?
Balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
70
What is the lymphatic system?
Returns fluid leaked out of capillaries to veins
71
What do lymphatic vessels resemble?
Veins with thin walls and more valves
72
What promotes flow of lymphatic fluid?
Respiratory movements and muscular pumps

Physiology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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