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Physiology Exam 2 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two loops of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary
Systemic

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2
Q

Why are there two loops of the circulatory system?

A

Separate functions of gas exchange and excretion

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3
Q

When do heart valves open?

A

Pressure greater behind the valve, one way valve

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4
Q

How deos the ehart separate blood?

A

Double pump
Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

drains interstitial spaces, returns to veins

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6
Q

Where is the majority of blood in the circulatory system?

A

50% in blood

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7
Q

What are the atria?

A

Upper part of the heart, separated by septum

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8
Q

What are teh ventricles?

A

Lower part of the heart, separated by septum

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9
Q

Are there more muscle sin the atria or the ventricles?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Prevent backflow

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11
Q

Is the bicuspid valve on the left or right of the heart?

A

Left

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12
Q

Is the tricuspid valve on the left or right of the heart?

A

Right

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13
Q

What are the steps of a heart beating?

A
  1. Blood flows into relaxed heart
  2. Atria contract- blood forced into ventricles
  3. Ventricles contract- blood is pmped out
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14
Q

What is systole?

A

Between atria conracting and ventricle contracting

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15
Q

What is diastole?

A

After ventricle pumps before atria contracts

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16
Q

How does cardiac AP compart to nerve AP?

A

Longer duration, longer refractory period

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17
Q

Is summation of tension in cardiac muscle possible?

A

No

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18
Q

What are the pacemaker cells?

A

SA node

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19
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Atria

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20
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Ventricles

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21
Q

What is the process of control of a heartbeat?

A

SA node starts AP - atria contract
Signal spread to AV node- ventricles contract

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22
Q

Why does atria contract before ventricles?

A

0.1s delay between SA node and AV node

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23
Q

What portion of an EKG corresponds to SA node firing?

A

First half of p wave

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24
Q

What portion of an EKG corresponds to atria contracting and then AV node firing?

A

Last half of p wave

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25
Q

What portion of an EKG corresponds to the signal passing to heart apex?

A

PR segment- flat

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26
Q

What portion of an EKG corresponds to ventricle contracting?

A

QRS complex

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27
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of pacemaker cells?

A

-60mV

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28
Q

What is the threshold membrane potential of pacemaker cells?

A

-40mV

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29
Q

What causes spontaneous depolarization of pacemaker cells?

A

Na+ flowing through channels open when hyperpolarized

30
Q

What happens at threshold potential of pacemaker cells?

A

voltage gated calcium channels open

31
Q

What causes repolarization of pacemaker cells?

A

Opening of K+ channels

32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Fluid pumped by each ventricle per unit time

33
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Fluid pumped with each heartbeat

34
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume

A

End-diastolic volume- end-systolic volume

35
Q

What is the equaiton for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate times stroke volume

36
Q

What is the frank-starling effect?

A

More cardiac muscle stretch= more contraction

37
Q

What does stretching in cardiac muscle result in?

A

Ability to form more cross bridges

38
Q

What are extrinsic controls of the heart?

A

Information from receptors
Blood pressure
Mechanoreceptors
pH and gas levels

39
Q

Where are the extrinsic controls of the heart processed?

A

Medulla cardiovascular center in the brain

40
Q

What is the response to extrinsic controls of the heart?

A

Autonomic nervous acts on
PAcemaker cells
Cardiac output
pressure

41
Q

What effects does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on pacemaker cells?

A

Acetylcholin opens K+ channes
Slower heartrate

42
Q

What effects does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on pacemaker cells?

A

Faster heart rate
Norepinephrine opens calcium channels

43
Q

What effects does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on the AV cells?

A

Decrease heart rate
reduce conduction velocity

44
Q

What effects does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system enact on the AV cells?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase conduction velocity

45
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure when ventricles contract

46
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Pressure when ventricles are at rest

47
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Stretch sensitive mechanorecerptors in the walls of major blood vessles

48
Q

What organ helps to maintain blood volume?

A

Kidney

49
Q

How do kidneys maintain blood pressure?

A

Managing blood volume

50
Q

What is the positive feedback loop when arterial pressure falls?

A

Decreased blood flow to tissues
Wast builds up
Vessels widen
Arterial pressure falls

51
Q

What are the two negative feedback loops when arterial pressure falls?

A

Kidney
Arterial stretch sensors

52
Q

What is the process of negative feedback loops in the kidneys when arterial pressure falls?

A

Kidney releases renin
renin activates angiotensin
Angiotensin causes vessles to constrict
Arterial pressure rises

53
Q

What is the process of negative feedback loops in the arterial stretch sensors when arterial pressure falls?

A

Firing in stretch sensors decrease
Hypothalmus releases vasopressin
Vasopressin stimulates water resorption by kidney
Arterial pressure rises

54
Q

What is the arterial system?

A

Capillaries
Arterioles
Arteries

55
Q

What is the structure of Capillaries?

A

Endothelial layer only

56
Q

What is the structure of arterioles?

A

Endothelium
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle fibers

57
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

Endothelium
More connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers than arterioles

58
Q

Are veins or arteries bigger?

A

Veins

59
Q

What is ohms law?

A

Force= change in pressure/resistance

60
Q

What is the equation for resistance?

A

1/radius^4

61
Q

What happens to flow if resistance is increased?

A

Decreased flow

62
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow towars metabolically active tissues

63
Q

What are three examples of local flow control?

A

Precapillary sphincter
Active hyperemia
Endothelial control

64
Q

What is endothelial control?

A

Production of nitri oxide, relaxes smooth muscle cells

65
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

66
Q

What is a continuous capillary?

A

Least permeable
Large amount of pinocytotic vessicles
Muscles, neurons, lungs

67
Q

What is a fenestrated capillary?

A

Intermediate permabilitiy
Kidney intestines, endocrine glands
Pores

68
Q

What is a sinusoidal capillary?

A

Most permeable
Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes
Paracellular gaps

69
Q

What does movement in and out of capillaries depend on?

A

Balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

70
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Returns fluid leaked out of capillaries to veins

71
Q

What do lymphatic vessels resemble?

A

Veins with thin walls and more valves

72
Q

What promotes flow of lymphatic fluid?

A

Respiratory movements and muscular pumps

Physiology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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