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Physiology Exam 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Cell responds to its own signal

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2
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

signaling to neighboring cells

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3
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Signals via circulatory system to target cells

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4
Q

What are the 4 major classes of hormones?

A

Amines
prostaglandins
Steroids
Peptides

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5
Q

What class of hormones is epinephrine?

A

Amine

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6
Q

What class of hormones is testosterone?

A

Steroid

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7
Q

What class of hormones is insulin?

A

Peptide

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8
Q

How do lipid-solualbe hormones trigger a response?

A

Entering target cell

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9
Q

How do water-solualbe hormones trigger a response?

A

Doesn’t enter cell

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10
Q

What are the 3 steps of peptide hormone production?

A
  1. Preprohormone converted to active prohormone by enzymes in ER which remove signal sequence
  2. Prohormone passes from ER to Golgi certain peptides like Cpeptide are removed to make active Hormone
  3. Active hormone packaged into secretory vesicles
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11
Q

What ia a preporhormone?

A

Inactive gene product

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12
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid or water soluable?

A

Lipid

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14
Q

How do steroid hormones differ from cholesterol?

A

Ring structure and side chains

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15
Q

What are the 5 classes of steroids?

A

Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Androgen
Estrogen
Progestin

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16
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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17
Q

What are the two types of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines
Thyroid

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18
Q

Are catecholamines lipid or water soluable?

A

Water

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19
Q

Are thyroids lipid or water soluable?

A

Lipid

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20
Q

What class of hormones includes prostaglandidn?

A

Eicosanoids

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21
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Arachidonic acid

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22
Q

What hormone is produced in all cells except RBC in response to extracellular signal?

A

Eicosanoids

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23
Q

How long are eicosanoids active for?

A

Only a few seconds

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24
Q

What enzyme phosphorylates different proteins?

A

Protein Kinase A

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25
Q

Where is the eicosanoid receptor?

A

Plasma membrane

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26
Q

What is the receptor protein for stimulatory hormone in cAMP pathway?

A

Rs

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27
Q

What is the receptor protein for inhibitory hormone in cAMP pathway?

A

G

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28
Q

What is the cAMP pathway?

A

R protein receptor
G protein second messenger
Adenylate cyclase
ATP to cAMP
Protein Kinase A

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29
Q

What are the 4 classes of second messengers?

A

Cyclic nucleotides
DAG
AP3
Calcium ion

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30
Q

How does calcium act as a secondary messenger?

A

binds to Calmodulin
Calcium calmodulin protein kinase
Adenylate cyclase
Phosphodiesterase

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31
Q

How does IP3 act as a secondary messenger?

A

Release of calcium from ER

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32
Q

How does DAG act as a secondary messenger?

A

Activated membrane bound C-kinase

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33
Q

How does cAMP act as a secondary messenger?

A

Activates protein kinase

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34
Q

How does hormon action with no g protein coupling work?

A

Receptor has both binding and enzymatic action site

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35
Q

What are two examples of hormone action with no g proteins?

A

Insulin
Growth factors

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36
Q

What is biochemical amplification?

A

Small amounts of hormones create a large amount of response

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37
Q

How does biochemical amplification stop?

A

Metabolic clearance rate of hormones
Hormone removal by target cells

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38
Q

What turns hormone release off?

A

Negative feedback

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39
Q

What is substrate-hormone control?

A

No feedback by hormone itself
SUbstrate stimulates hormone

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40
Q

What is a divergent hormone pathway?

A

Single hormone may bind to differenet receptors
Enact different response

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41
Q

What is a convergent hormone pathway?

A

Single hormone may bind to differenet receptors
Multiple come together to enact one combined response

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42
Q

What is cross-talk?

A

Single cells has different hormonal signaling pathways undergoing complex interactions

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43
Q

What are the two master glands?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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44
Q

What are master glands?

A

Their hormones stimulate many other endocrine glands to release their hormones

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45
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Have other endocrine glands as targets

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46
Q

What is the neuroendocrine origins of signals?

A

Hypothalamus

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47
Q

What are the first targets of endocrine system?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

48
Q

What are second targets of the endocrine system?

A

From anterior pituitary to
adrenal cortex
thyroid
ovaries/testes

49
Q

Does the posterior pituitary have second targets?

A

No

50
Q

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin- smooth muscle, mammary
Vasopressin- Arterioles, kidneys

51
Q

What hormones don’t originate from the hypothalamus?

A

Neural- Adrenal medulla - Epinephrine
Nonneural- Pancreas- insulin, glucagon

52
Q

Does posterior pituitary make hormones?

A

No only stores them from the hypothalamus

53
Q

What 2 hormones come from the thyroid gland?

A

Calcitonin
Thyroxine

54
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lowers calcium in the blood

55
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increases energy metabolism, increases temp

56
Q

What does thyroxine contain?

A

Iodine

57
Q

How are amine hormones transported through blood?

A

Bound to globulins

58
Q

What are follicle cells?

A

Thyroid hormones

59
Q

What is the active from of thyroxine hormone?

A

T3

60
Q

What is the sequence of throid hormone release?

A

TRH
TSH
Thyroxine

61
Q

What is the trigger for TRH release?

A

Los skin temp
Stress

62
Q

What type of control happens in thyroid hormones?

A

Negative feedback

63
Q

Are thyroid hormones water or lipid soluable?

A

Lipid

64
Q

What hormones are released by cortex of adrenal gland?

A

Glucocorticoids
Aldosterone
Androgen

65
Q

What hormones are released by medulla of adrenal gland?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

66
Q

What type of hormones does the cortex release?

A

Steroids

67
Q

What type of hormones does the medulla release?

A

Catecholamines

68
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On top of kidney, not connected

69
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland has a short-term stress response?

A

Medulla

70
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland has a long-term stress response?

A

Cortex

71
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is stimulated by neural stimulation?

A

Medulla

72
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is stimulated by hypothalmus stimulation?

A

Cortex

73
Q

Where are glucocorticoids produced?

A

Adrenal gland

74
Q

What are two examples of glucocorticoids?

A

Cortisone
Cortisol

75
Q

What do cortisone and cortisol act on

A

Gluconeogenesis in the liver

76
Q

What are pancreas alpha cells?

A

Secretes glucagon

77
Q

What are pancreas beta cells?

A

Secretes insulin

78
Q

How are hormones from the pancreas picked up?

A

Venous blood vessels

79
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Blood glucose homeostasis

80
Q

What pancreas cell is stimulated by high blood glucose?

A

beta

81
Q

What pancreas cell is stimulated by low blood glucose?

A

alpha

82
Q

What is the process of a pancreas beta cell?

A
  1. Glucose brought in by GLUT2
  2. Glycolysis- ATP
  3. ATP-gated K+ channels close - depolarization - calcium influx
  4. High calicum activates insulin release
  5. insulin secretion
83
Q

What are three effects of insulin?

A
  1. Increase glucose uptake
  2. AA uptake to liver and muscle
  3. Release of fatty acids from liver
84
Q

What pathway does insulin act from?

A

cAMP

85
Q

How is insulin and glucose uptake increased?

A

Incresing GLUT4

86
Q

What does GLUT4 depend on?

A

Insulin

87
Q

Does insulin receptor pathway use G proteins?

A

NO

88
Q

How is insulin and glucose uptake increased into liver cells?

A

GLUT2

89
Q

How is the glucose gradient maintained to allow glucose into cell?

A

Insulin stimulates glucose conversion to G6P

90
Q

What are three types of insulin target cells?

A

Muscle
Adipocytes
Liver

91
Q

What does insulin stimulate in muscle cells?

A

Uptake of glucose and amino acids
Glucose to glycogen
Glucose breakdoen
AA to proteins

92
Q

What does insulin inhibit in muscle cells?

A

Glycogen to glucose
proteins to AA

93
Q

What does insulin stimulate in adipocyte cells?

A

Glucose uptake
Triglycerides to Fatty acids
Glucose to fatty acids

94
Q

What does insulin inhibit in adipocyte cells?

A

Triglycerides to glycerol
Triglycerides to fatty acids

95
Q

What does insulin stimulate in liver cells?

A

Glucose to G6P
G6P to glycogen
G6P to glycolysis

96
Q

Which diabetes is insulin dependent?

A

Type 1

97
Q

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

A

loss of beta cells- low insulin production

98
Q

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

A

normal insulin, reduced sensitivity in target cells from change in receptors

99
Q

What does diabetes cause?

A

Hyperglycemia
Glucose in urine
Reduced lipid and protein storage

100
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Acidic blood from glucose production from fat

101
Q

What cells are sensitive to glucagon?

A

Only liver cells

102
Q

What does glucagon stimulate?

A

Hydrolyis of glycogen in liver
Conversion of AA’s and glycerol to glucose

103
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

Production of ketone bodies in liver from breakdown of fatty acids

104
Q

What can ketone substances be used for?

A

Energy for heart and brain

105
Q

What stimulates GRH release?

A

Low blood glucose

106
Q

What is GRH?

A

Growth hormone Releasing Hormone

107
Q

What releases growth hormone?

A

Pituitary gland

108
Q

How do growth hormones directly stimulate growth?

A

increase cell number

109
Q

How do growth hormones indirectly stimulate growth?

A

Liver produces growth-promoting factors to increase cell production

110
Q

What has an anti-insulin effect?

A

Growth hormones

111
Q

How can you indirectly measure blood glucose levels?

A

Glucose binds to hemoglobin, making HbA1C

112
Q

What are the two loops of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary
Systemic

113
Q

Why are there two loops of the circulatory system?

A

Separate functions of gas exchange and excretion

114
Q

When do heart valves open?

A

Pressure greater behind the valve, one way valve

115
Q

How does the heart separate blood?

A

Double pump
Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

116
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

drains interstitial spaces, returns to veins

Physiology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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