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Bpk 142 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • Lungs
  • Bronchi
  • Larynx
  • Pharynx
  • trachea
  • Nose
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2
Q

Describe what the trachea branches into…

A
  1. Branches into bronchi (primary, secondary, and tertiary)
  2. Then into terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  3. Then alveolar ducts
  4. Lastly to alveoli
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3
Q

What happens with branching?

A

With branching, supportive cartilage is gradually replaced by smooth muscle

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4
Q

What function does smooth muscle serve? And what are the effects?

A

Contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle constricts or dilates the bronchioles which effects airway resistance

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5
Q

What are the results of airway dilation during exercise?

A

dilation –> think getting bigger —> when you give birth

  1. Reduces airway resistance making the flow of air easier
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6
Q

What are the results of airways that are overly constricted during an asthma attack?

A

Makes breathing difficult

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7
Q

What are conducting airways?

A

Conducting airways leads inspired air to the alveoli, but is not involved in gas exchange

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8
Q

What is the average volume of anatomic dead space ?

A

150 ml

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9
Q

Why is conducting airways called atomic dead space?

A

Because they are not involved in the exchange of gases

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10
Q

What does VD stand for

A

anatomic dead space

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11
Q

Alveoli:

A
  1. small, thin-walled sacs that have capillary beds in their walls
  2. site of gas molecule exchange (O2 and CO2) between air and blood
  3. There are millions of alveoli
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12
Q

Respiratory membrane:

A
  1. Separates the air molecules in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries

O2 entering the bloodstream and CO2 leaving

  1. Average thickness of 0.6 micrometers, very thin optimized for diffusion, very large surface area (70 square meters…size of a tennis court)
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13
Q

What do lungs contain?

A
  1. conducting airways
  2. alveoli
  3. blood vessels
  4. elastic tissue
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14
Q

Mechanisms for breathing:

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lung
    - this results from a pressure difference between the pulmonary air and atmosphere
    - molecules move from an area of high pressure to areas of low pressure
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15
Q

Boyles law

A

The pressure of a gas is inversely propotional to its volume

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16
Q

Compliance

A

The amount of volume change for a given change in alveolar pressure

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17
Q

Describe the process of inspiration

A
  1. diaphragm descends and intercostal muscles contract which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
  2. The decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity causes 1-2 mm Hg drop in intra-alveolar pressure at rest compared to the outside atmospheric pressure
  3. air molecules move through the respiratory tubes into the lungs from the atmosphere following the pressure gradient
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18
Q

What happens when inspiratory muscles work their hardest?

A

they can produce a negative pressure up to -30 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure within the alveoli

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19
Q

Describe the process of expiration (passive process)

A
  1. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles rest thus decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
  2. Therefore, the pressure of the thoracic caivity increases above atmospheric pressure
  3. air molecules move out of lung following pressure gradient
20
Q

Expiration (active process during exercise)

A
  1. Secondary muscles such as abdominal muscles and intercostal muscles become involved in exercise
  2. Forced expiration can produce intra-alveolar pressure as great as +50 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
21
Q

What happens during exercise

A

Nose breathing tends to turn into mouth breathing which results in less resistance to airflow

22
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

the greatest volume of gas that can be expelled by voluntary effort after maximal inspiration

23
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

the maximal volume of gas that can be inspired from the resting end-expiratory position

(approx 75% of vital capacity at rest)

24
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the maximal volume that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory position

(approx 25% of vital capacity at rest)

25
Q

What gives the sum of vital capacity

A

inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume

26
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet expiration

27
Q

What is the sum of the functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

28
Q

Residual volume

A

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

29
Q

Total lung capacity

A

the volume of gas in the lungs at the time of maximal inspiration

inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

30
Q

Tidal volume (Vt)

A

the volume of gas inspired or expired with each breath at rest or during any stated activity

31
Q

What is the breathing frequency? (Fr)

A

12-16 breaths per minute

  • during maximal aerobic exercise breathing frequency can increase up to 60 breaths per minute and tidal volume can increase up to 50% of vital capacity
32
Q

Minute ventilation (Ve)

A

the volume of gas that’s either inspired or expired (but not both) per minute

Tidal volume x number of breaths

33
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

when the subject is instructed the expire as fast and hard as possible for 4 seconds

34
Q

Forced expiration volume in one second (FEV1)

A

the volume of air expired during the first 1 second of a forced vital capacity manoeuvre

35
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A
  • the volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute
  • this is the only air that participates in gas exchange with the blood

Va: Fr x (Tidal volume - anatomical dead space)

36
Q

Most volume capacities _________ when a person lies down and _________ when standing. EXPLAIN WHY!!!

A

decrease, increase
1. abdominal contents push up against diaphragm

  1. There is an increase in the intrapulmonay blood volume in the horizontal position which decreases the space available for pulmonary air
37
Q

Pulmonary function test norms are based on….

A

sex, age, and height

38
Q

Problems with pulmonary function norms

A
  1. don’t consider the size of the subject, particularly chest size
  2. better to use sitting height than standing height
39
Q

Ventilation during incremental exercise

A

Minute ventilation increases linearly with increased exercise intensity and
oxygen uptake until about 50-60% VO2 max in untrained subjects and about 75-80% of VO2 max in endurance athletes

40
Q

Ventilation threshold

A

the point which minute ventilation increases dispraportionally with oxygen consumption during graded exercise

41
Q

Name the two chronic respiratory dysfunctions

A
  1. obstructive disorders
  2. restrictive disorders
42
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

blockage or narrowing of the airway causing increased airway resistance (asthma, bronchitis, emphysema)
- bronchiolar obstruction can result from inflammation and edema, smooth muscle constriction, and bronchiolar secretion
- more difficult to move air in and out which decreases FEV1
- FEV1/VC decreases much less than 80% and decreased MBC

43
Q

Restrictive disorder

A
  • damage to the lung tissue
  • loss of elasticity and compliance limiting the expansion of the lung
  • all lung volumes are reduced (VC, RV, FRC, TLC because lung tissue is stiff and can’t be expanded
  • FEV1 and MBC decrease
  • FEV1/VC ratio is 90% or greater
44
Q

maximum breating capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be breathed during maximum effort

45
Q

Diffusing capacity can be affected by

A
  • thickness of the respiratory membrane
  • the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
  • the SA of the respiratory membrane available for diffusion (diffusion capacity is decreased for emphysema)

Bpk 142 (14 decks)

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