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Bpk 142 > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology

A

Scientific study of bones

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2
Q

Anthropology

A

The science concerned with anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints

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3
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • supporting framework for the body
  • attachment points for muscles
    - creating a lever system to enable movement
  • Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
  • Blood cell formation (red bone marrow produces WBC, RBC and platelets
  • protects vital organs
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4
Q

The relationship between skeleton muscles and bone

A
  • skeleton muscles create movements by pulling on bones
  • bones serve as levers
  • joints serve as fulcrums
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5
Q

Describe the structure of long bone

A
  • more long than wide
  • hallow shaft is made of compact bone filled with yellow bone marrow
  • ends of bone are composed of spongy or cancellous bone made of red bone marrow
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6
Q

What happens at the epiphyseal plate?

A

Longitudinal bone growth occurs here

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7
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

A layer of cartilage

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8
Q

The _____________ cartilage cells and replaced by _________________

A

1) proliferating
2) bone

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9
Q

Osteocytes

A

Widely separated cells surrounded by a matrix

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10
Q

Bone tissue is composed of what?

A

Widely separated cells called osteocytes

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11
Q

What is the matrix?

A

25% water
25% protein (mainly collagen)
50% mineral salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate)

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12
Q

Why is bone continually being remodeled?

A

It is a response to mechanical stress or absence of stress

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13
Q

Bone is highly ___________

A

Dynamic

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14
Q

The bones in physically active people tend to be _________, than sedentary individuals

A

Denser

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15
Q

In a professional tennis player, the serving arm will have…

A

greater bone thickness

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16
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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17
Q

How many bone shapes are there?

A

5

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18
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone

A

-long bone
-short bone
-sesamoid bone
-flat bone
-irregular bone

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19
Q

Describe the long bone and give examples

A

Long bone: more wide than long
–> humerus, femur, tibia, radius, fibula, metacarpals, ulna, phalanges

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20
Q

Describe the short bone and give examples

A
  • wider than they are tall
    –> carparls, tarsals
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21
Q

Describe the irregular bones and give examples

A

-they don’t fit into any of the other three categories
–> 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, coccyx

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22
Q

Describe the sesamoid bones and give an example

A

-small bones that form in tendon
–>patella

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23
Q

Describe the flat bone and give examples

A

-flat and broad surface
–>sternum, ribs, scapula, scapula, skull

24
Q

How many bones are in the vertabral column?

A

33 vertebrae (26 distinct bones)

25
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A
  • provides flexible support for the trunk
  • protects the spinal cord
26
Q

Where are facets located?

A

Located in the processes of neural arches (synovial joints)

27
Q

Where are intervertebral discs located?

A

Located between the vertebral bodies (cartilaginous joints)

28
Q

Intervertebral discs function as…

A

shock absorbers and allow slight movement so that the column is flexible and resilient

29
Q

What are the 5 segments of the vertebral column

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • 5 sacral vertebrae
  • 4 coccygeal vertebrae
30
Q

How does the vertebrae articulate with one another?

A

By means of facets located in the processes of neural arches and by means of intervertebral discs located between the vertebral bodies

31
Q

What are the 3 types of abnormal curves

A

-Scoliosis –> abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
-Kyphosis–> exaggerated posterior thoracic curve (humpback)
-Lordosis –> exaggerated anterior lumbar curve (sway back)

32
Q

Ligament

A

Strong, slightly elastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones to each other

33
Q

Tendon

A

Dense, fibrous connectives tissue that attaches muscle to bone

34
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Provides a smooth surface for articulation reducing the friction of movement

35
Q

Name the three classifications of joints

A

1) Fibrous joints (immoveable)
2) Cartilaginous joints (sightly moveable)
3) Synovial joint (freely moveable)

36
Q

Functions of the synovial joint (2)

A

1) Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movements to reduce friction

2) Provides nutrients to and removes waste from cartilage cells that don’t have direct blood supply

37
Q

Name two types of synovial joints and describe

A
  • Hinge joint: uniaxial joint that allows flexion/extension movements
    Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes

-Ball and socket joint: multiaxial joint that allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation movements
Examples: Shoulder and hip joints

38
Q

Bursa

A

a small sac filled with synovial fluid located at friction points

39
Q

Where are most bursas located?

A

Between bone and tendon

40
Q

What are the three cardinal planes

A

-Frontal plane (divides the body into posterior and anterior)
- Sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left sides
-Transverse plane (divides the body in upper and lower half)

41
Q

Each plane is _________ to other two

A

perpendicular

42
Q

Each plane intersects at the ______________

A

center of gravity

43
Q

Anatomical position

A

body erect and palm facing outwards

44
Q

The terms of direction

A

Medial: structures near the midline of the body
Lateral: structures away from the midline of the body
Superior: toward the head
Inferior: toward feet
Anterior: to the front
Posterior: to the rear
Distal: toward the trunk of the body
Proximal: away from the trunk of the body
Internal: away from the surface of the body
External: toward the surface of the body

45
Q

Name the 6 joint movements

A
  1. Flexion/Extension
  2. Abduction/Adduction
  3. Inward rotation (medial)/ Outward rotation (lateral)
  4. Supination, Pronation
  5. Elevation/Depression
  6. Plantar flexion/Dorsiflexion
46
Q

Name the joint disorders

A
  1. Sprain
  2. Dislocation
  3. Bursitis
  4. Arthritis
  5. Subluxation
47
Q

Sprain

A

Overstretching of ligaments
1st degree: fibers are stretched
2nd degree: partial tear of the ligament
3rd degree: rupture of the ligament

48
Q

Dislocation

A

Bones are displaced
-ligaments are sprained and may even be torn
-blood vessels are often ruptured
-nerves may be compressed

49
Q

What is the most vulnerable joint to dislocation?

A

Shoulder and knee

50
Q

Arthritis

A

Joint inflammation that may be caused by bacterial infection, metabolic disorders and trauma

51
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflamed bursa caused by infection, exercise or injury

52
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation

53
Q

What are the 4 structural limits to flexibility?

A

1) bony structure of joint
2) ligaments
3) joint capsules
4) Muscle tendon unit

54
Q

The bony structure of the joint?

A

Cannot be changed with flexibility training (the elbow cant extend further than flat)

55
Q

Muscle tendon unit?

A

You can improve with stretching exercise to elongate the tissue

56
Q

Collagen

A

A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue

57
Q

What are the major building blocks of bone

A

1) Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
2) Collagen fibers
3) Water

Bpk 142 (14 decks)

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