Osteology Flashcards
Osteology
Scientific study of bones
Anthropology
The science concerned with anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints
Functions of the skeleton
- supporting framework for the body
- attachment points for muscles
- creating a lever system to enable movement - Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
- Blood cell formation (red bone marrow produces WBC, RBC and platelets
- protects vital organs
The relationship between skeleton muscles and bone
- skeleton muscles create movements by pulling on bones
- bones serve as levers
- joints serve as fulcrums
Describe the structure of long bone
- more long than wide
- hallow shaft is made of compact bone filled with yellow bone marrow
- ends of bone are composed of spongy or cancellous bone made of red bone marrow
What happens at the epiphyseal plate?
Longitudinal bone growth occurs here
What is the epiphyseal plate
A layer of cartilage
The _____________ cartilage cells and replaced by _________________
1) proliferating
2) bone
Osteocytes
Widely separated cells surrounded by a matrix
Bone tissue is composed of what?
Widely separated cells called osteocytes
What is the matrix?
25% water
25% protein (mainly collagen)
50% mineral salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate)
Why is bone continually being remodeled?
It is a response to mechanical stress or absence of stress
Bone is highly ___________
Dynamic
The bones in physically active people tend to be _________, than sedentary individuals
Denser
In a professional tennis player, the serving arm will have…
greater bone thickness
How many bones are in the human body?
206
How many bone shapes are there?
5
What are the 5 classifications of bone
-long bone
-short bone
-sesamoid bone
-flat bone
-irregular bone
Describe the long bone and give examples
Long bone: more wide than long
–> humerus, femur, tibia, radius, fibula, metacarpals, ulna, phalanges
Describe the short bone and give examples
- wider than they are tall
–> carparls, tarsals
Describe the irregular bones and give examples
-they don’t fit into any of the other three categories
–> 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, coccyx
Describe the sesamoid bones and give an example
-small bones that form in tendon
–>patella
Describe the flat bone and give examples
-flat and broad surface
–>sternum, ribs, scapula, scapula, skull
How many bones are in the vertabral column?
33 vertebrae (26 distinct bones)
What are the functions of the vertebral column
- provides flexible support for the trunk
- protects the spinal cord
Where are facets located?
Located in the processes of neural arches (synovial joints)
Where are intervertebral discs located?
Located between the vertebral bodies (cartilaginous joints)
Intervertebral discs function as…
shock absorbers and allow slight movement so that the column is flexible and resilient
What are the 5 segments of the vertebral column
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- 5 sacral vertebrae
- 4 coccygeal vertebrae
How does the vertebrae articulate with one another?
By means of facets located in the processes of neural arches and by means of intervertebral discs located between the vertebral bodies
What are the 3 types of abnormal curves
-Scoliosis –> abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
-Kyphosis–> exaggerated posterior thoracic curve (humpback)
-Lordosis –> exaggerated anterior lumbar curve (sway back)
Ligament
Strong, slightly elastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones to each other
Tendon
Dense, fibrous connectives tissue that attaches muscle to bone
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Provides a smooth surface for articulation reducing the friction of movement
Name the three classifications of joints
1) Fibrous joints (immoveable)
2) Cartilaginous joints (sightly moveable)
3) Synovial joint (freely moveable)
Functions of the synovial joint (2)
1) Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movements to reduce friction
2) Provides nutrients to and removes waste from cartilage cells that don’t have direct blood supply
Name two types of synovial joints and describe
- Hinge joint: uniaxial joint that allows flexion/extension movements
Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes
-Ball and socket joint: multiaxial joint that allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation movements
Examples: Shoulder and hip joints
Bursa
a small sac filled with synovial fluid located at friction points
Where are most bursas located?
Between bone and tendon
What are the three cardinal planes
-Frontal plane (divides the body into posterior and anterior)
- Sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left sides
-Transverse plane (divides the body in upper and lower half)
Each plane is _________ to other two
perpendicular
Each plane intersects at the ______________
center of gravity
Anatomical position
body erect and palm facing outwards
The terms of direction
Medial: structures near the midline of the body
Lateral: structures away from the midline of the body
Superior: toward the head
Inferior: toward feet
Anterior: to the front
Posterior: to the rear
Distal: toward the trunk of the body
Proximal: away from the trunk of the body
Internal: away from the surface of the body
External: toward the surface of the body
Name the 6 joint movements
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Inward rotation (medial)/ Outward rotation (lateral)
- Supination, Pronation
- Elevation/Depression
- Plantar flexion/Dorsiflexion
Name the joint disorders
- Sprain
- Dislocation
- Bursitis
- Arthritis
- Subluxation
Sprain
Overstretching of ligaments
1st degree: fibers are stretched
2nd degree: partial tear of the ligament
3rd degree: rupture of the ligament
Dislocation
Bones are displaced
-ligaments are sprained and may even be torn
-blood vessels are often ruptured
-nerves may be compressed
What is the most vulnerable joint to dislocation?
Shoulder and knee
Arthritis
Joint inflammation that may be caused by bacterial infection, metabolic disorders and trauma
Bursitis
Inflamed bursa caused by infection, exercise or injury
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
What are the 4 structural limits to flexibility?
1) bony structure of joint
2) ligaments
3) joint capsules
4) Muscle tendon unit
The bony structure of the joint?
Cannot be changed with flexibility training (the elbow cant extend further than flat)
Muscle tendon unit?
You can improve with stretching exercise to elongate the tissue
Collagen
A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue
What are the major building blocks of bone
1) Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
2) Collagen fibers
3) Water
