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Bpk 142 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system composed of?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels
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2
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  1. transports essential (oxygen, hormones, fuel molecules) material throughout the body to cells
  2. collects waste products (CO2, urea, lactate) generated by the bodys metabolic activity.
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3
Q

The circulatory system is divided into two sections which are

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit
  2. Systemic circuit
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4
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A
  • Blood vessels going to and from the lungs
  • moves blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
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5
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Blood vessels go to and from the rest of the tissues of the body

  • moves blood on the left side of the heart to the head and body and returns it to the right side of the heart.
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6
Q

Heart

A
  • It has 4 chambers and a muscular pump which propels blood through the blood vessels
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7
Q

Atria

A

The two upper chambers of the heart

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8
Q

Ventricles

A

The two lower chambers of the heart

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9
Q

Septum

A

Divides the left and right sides of the heart

-The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit and

-The left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit

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10
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

because the systemic circuit is a much higher pressure than the pulmonary circuit (have to pump further to rest of body)

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11
Q

How is the direction of blood controlled?

A

unidirectional valves

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12
Q

Heart murmur

A

valve is damaged or does not close properly

-blood regurgiates causing a noise

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13
Q

What is the heart muscle

A

myocardium a cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What is the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

A

unlike skeletal muscle, all fibers or cells in cardiac muscle are anatomically interconnected

  • we call this functional syncytium
  • means when one fiber contracts all fibers contract
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15
Q

The fibers of atria are electrically separated from the fibers of the ventricles

A
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16
Q

electrical conduction in myocardial cells

A
  1. auto rhythmic cells spontaneously fire an action potential
  2. depolarization then spread through gap junctions
  3. Action potentials in contractile cells
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17
Q

SA-node

A

Sino Atrial node

  • the normal pacemaker of the heart
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18
Q

Electrocardiography (ECG)

A

Records the wave of depolarization as it passes across the heart using electrodes on the surface of the body

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19
Q

P-wave

A

represents atrial depolarization

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20
Q

QRS wave

A

represents atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization

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21
Q

T-wave

A

represents ventricular repolarization

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22
Q

Arrhythmia

A

an irregularity in the rhythm of the heart beat

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23
Q

Diagnosing arrhythmias

A
  1. look at heart rate
  2. look at the amplitude and shapes of the components of the ECG
  3. Look at time intervals
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24
Q

Examples of arrhythmias

A
  • tachycardia (fast heart rate)
  • bradycardia (slow heart rate)
  • fibrillation (electrocardiogram is disorganized)
25
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

heart still functions as a pump

26
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

heart does not function as an effective pump

27
Q

what are the 2 major arteries that supply the heart

A
  1. the right coronary artery
  2. the left coronary artery
28
Q

Large veins of the heart…

A

converge and empty into the right atrium

29
Q

Blood supply to the heart

A
  • cardiac muscle is highly dependent on aerobic metabolism, it requires a rich supply of blood
  • at rest, normal blood flow to the myocardium is a about 4% of cardiac output
  • cardiac output increses with exercise, increasing blood flow to the heart
  • approx. 70-80% of oxygen is extracted from blood flowing in coronary vessels
30
Q

Arteries

A
  • Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
  • range from the aorta about 25mm to arterioles about 0.5mm
31
Q

Why is it better to have less elastic tissue and more smooth muscle?

A

more continuous blood flow
- blood keeps flowing than continually having rets

32
Q

What’s the difference in the wall of the artery when going from a large artery to an arteriole?

A

Going from larger arteries to medium arteries to small arteries to arterioles, there is less elastic tissue in the wall of the artery and more smooth muscle

33
Q

Arterioles

A

arteries under 0.5mm in diameter

34
Q

Capillaries

A

-very tiny (10 microns diameter) thin-walled vessels

-site of exchange of nutrients/wastes and gases between the blood and tissues

35
Q

Capillaries in the human body

A
  • surface area = 6000 square feet
  • 60,000 miles long
  • mass is twice the size of the liver
36
Q

Venules

A

Small vessels that conduct venous blood from capillaries to veins

37
Q

Veins

A
  • vessels that convey blood toward the heart
  • have smooth muscle in their wall allowing it to change in diameter
38
Q

How is blood flow increase/decreased?

A
  • by constricting or relaxing the thick layer of smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles blood flow can be increased or decreased to various capillaries
39
Q

What are the high-pressure part + lower pressure part of the circulatory system

A

low: Veins and venules
high: arteries and arterioles

40
Q

Valves

A

found in veins that carry blood against the force of gravity especially in the legs

41
Q

a characteristic difference between veins and arteries

A

In general, veins have a greater diameter and thinner walls than arteries

42
Q

Mechanisms involved in the return of blood to the heart:

A
  1. Pressure difference between the left ventricle and right atrium - 120 mm Hg - 3 mm Hg = 117 mm Hg driving pressure
  2. Skeletal muscle pump - active muscles squeeze the veins and push the blood toward the heart

c) Respiratory pump - decreased pressure in thoracic cavity during inspiration allows blood to return via inferior vena cava from lower extremities of the body

43
Q

Blood is composed of….

A

specialized cells (WBC, RBC, and platelets) which are suspended in a liquid called plasma which makes up 50-60% of blood volume

44
Q

What is the blood volume of an average adult with normal body composition?

A

8% of body mass (e.g body mass of 70kg has a blood volume of 5.6kg)

45
Q

Blood volume is greater for which type of people?

A

It is greater for larger, more endurance-trained, heat-acclimated people

46
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes
- biconcave discs about 7 micron in diameter
- in human blood –> 5-6 million RBC per cubic millimeter of blood
- continually being formed in red bone marrow in ends of long bones and flat bones
- life span = 120 days
- RBC contains hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

47
Q

Plasma

A

composed of about 90% water and 10% solutes

48
Q

Hematocrit

A

the ratio of the volume of blood cells to the total volume of blood

  • usually 37-47% in females
  • 42-52% in males
49
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • contains 4 subunits, each containing one molecule of iron
  • transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • reversibly binds with oxygen
50
Q

Normal values of hemoglobin

A

Women- 120-140 grams per 1000ml blood

Men- 140-160 grams per 1000ml blood

51
Q

Blood doping

A

increasing RBC count

52
Q

Types of blood doping

A
  1. blood transfusion
  2. altitude training
  3. synthetic hormones
53
Q

Diffusion

A

molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (driven by a concentration gradient)

54
Q

the movement of molecules across the _________________ is driven by _____________

A
  1. respiratory membrane
  2. diffusion
55
Q

What increases the rate of diffusion

A
  1. Higher concentration gradient difference
  2. Higher temperature
  3. Shorter diffusion difference
  4. Greater surface area
56
Q

What are the two sites of gas exchange in the body?

A
  1. Alveolar-capillary membrane in lung
    - net diffusion of O2 from alveoli —> blood
    - net diffusion of CO2 from blood—> alveoli
  2. Tissue-capillary membrane in tissues
    - net diffusion of O2 from blood—> tissues
    - net diffusion of CO2 from tissues—> blood
57
Q

Partial pressure

A
  1. the pressure of gas in a gas mixture
    - it depends on total barometric pressure and fractional concentration of that gas
58
Q

What is the most important factor in determining gas exchange

A

partial pressures of the gasses involved

59
Q

Ambient air vs. tracheal air vs. alveolar air

A

function residual capacity serves as a damper so that each incoming breath of air only has small affect on the compostion of alveolar air—> partial pressure in alveoli remain reletavily stable

Bpk 142 (14 decks)

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