Respiratory System Flashcards
Describe what happens during inspiration:
When you breathe in air enters the trachea, then the two bronchi, Alan enters smaller branches of each bronchus, called bronchioles, where it is carried to small air sacs called alveoli. The wreckage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm all that together to ventilate the lungs.
What are the two types of muscles contract to cause inspiration and relax to cause expiration?
. External intercostal muscles (in between the ribs)
. Diaphragm muscles (a ring of muscles at the edge of a tough shit of tissue called the diaphragm)
Describe what happens during inspiration
Inspiration is an active process.
External intercostal muscles contract and a rip cage is raised, it’s ang from muscles contract and the diaphragm moves down which increases borax value and decreases direct pressure which pushes air in the lungs from outside down the pressure gradient.
Describe what happens during expiration
Expiration is a passive process.
External intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage is lowered, diaphragm muscles, relax and the diaphragm moves which causes thorax volume to decrease air is then pushed out of the lungs to outside down the pressure gradient
Describe gas exchange in the alveoli
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the blood capillaries down a concentration gradient and carbon dioxide, the fuses in the reverse direction.
How are lungs adapted for gas exchange?
. Each lung contains millions of alveoli, which have folded walls leading there is a large surface area of a fast diffusion
. Alveolus wall is thin and made of one layer of flattened epithelium cells, meaning there’s a short diffusion distance for fast diffusion.
. Capillary walls third and made of one night of Latin endothelium cells, meaning there’s a short diffusion distance for fast diffusion.
. Ventilation brings in fresh supplies of atmospheric air, meaning a high concentration gradient is maintained for fast diffusion.
. Circulation of blood continually replaces blood high in oxygen with blood flow in oxygen 
What are three causes for different lung diseases?
. Industrial causes such as asbestos.
.genetic causes such as cystic fibrosis
. Lifestyle causes such as lung cancer
What is respiratory acidosis?
If the lungs are unable to carry out gas exchange, effectively, raspatory acidosis is one of the effects.
It’s a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which is fixed with water and converted into call folic acid by carbonic anhydrase . this causes the PH of the blood to fall below 7.4 which is respiratory acidosis. 
What is hypoxia?
Is the blood decreases 120 MM Hg, this reduces oxygen deliveries to the tissues which start to respire aerobically in the absence of sufficient oxygen to supply the ETC. Portion occurs as ATP production in the body cell decreases and accumulation of lactic acid also occurs as a result of America exaggerate respiratory acidosis.
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD?
The name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing problems (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
Who is affected?
COPD mainly affects middle aged or older adults who smoke
What causes COPD?
COPD occurs when the lungs become inflamed, damaged or narrowed. The main cause is smoking as the likelihood of developing COPD increases the more you smoke or the longer you’ve smoked. Some cases are due to long term exposure to harmful fumes or dust or as a rare genetic problem
How does COPD affect the body?
. Increasing breathlessness
. a persistent chesty cough with phlegm
. Frequent chest infection
. Persistent wheezing
How does COPD affect respiratory tissues?
. Loss of alveoli folds and shape
. Loss of alveoli number
. Loss of elasticity in alveoli reduces ability to stretch and recoil, which makes it harder to breath
. Thickened airways and more mucus in airways restricts air flow, which makes it harder to breath
. Alveoli becomes thicker due to scarring
What is chronic bronchitis?
A sever inflammation of the airway passages which can be triggered by an infection or by an allergen. The bronchiole walls become enlarged with the severe inflammation and this restricts the lumen diameter and therefore reduces airflow. It is combined with a thick mucus discharge which restricts air flow further still a destroys cilia, which can lead to more infections a sever productive cough develops which exaggerates the inflammation within the respiratory tract exhaustion, and sort it straight to the lack of oxygen, reaching the blood from the alveoli, as a continuous retching brought on from coughing.
