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Human Biology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates are used for?

A

Energy

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2
Q

Proteins are used for?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What are fats used for?

A

For energy and to make cell membranes

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4
Q

What are vitamins used for?

A

In small amounts for cells to work properly

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5
Q

What are minerals used for?

A

In small amounts to make body chemicals

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6
Q

What is oxygen used for?

A

Needed for cellular aerobic respiration to release energy from organic fuels

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7
Q

What is water used for?

A

For chemical reactions to occur and for transport

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8
Q

How is carbo dioxide produced?

A

Produced as a by product of cellular aerobic respiration, when oxygen is used to release energy from fuels

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9
Q

How is urea produced?

A

A nitrogenous waste product produced by cellular metabolism and protein turnover

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10
Q

How is lactate acid produced?

A

Produced as a result of anaerobic respiration where cells require without oxygen

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11
Q

Why do single called small organisms not require a specialist exchange or transport system?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio and there is a relatively large area of plasma membrane across which substances can diffuse

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12
Q

Why can’t large organisms rely of simple diffusion alone for exchange?

A

They have a small surface area to volume ratio and cells deep within the body are often metabolically active and are too far away from the environment, therefor diffusion would be slow

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13
Q

Describe bloods structure:

A
  • a tissue made of cells and a fluid matrix known as plasma which contains proteins, and a serum which contains nutrients
  • blood cells: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), thrombocytes (produces platelets)
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14
Q

What is bloods function?

A

To transport:
- nutrients and substrates (glucose and oxygen)
- waste and products (urea and carbon dioxide)
- chemical messengers (hormones and cytokines)
- immunological components (white blood cells and antibodies)

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15
Q

The blood regulates what?

A

-pH
-body temp
- water potential
- blood volume
- Immune response

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16
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
  2. Transport of metabolites (glucose, amino acids)
  3. Transport of metabolic waste (urea)
  4. Transport of hormones, from glands to target size areas (insulin)
  5. Transport of thermal energy to get the body at its optimum
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17
Q

Describe the structure of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Heart acts as a pump
  2. Blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins)
  3. A closed system as blood is confined to blood vessels, meaning high blood pressure is maintained
  4. A double system because blood is pumped by the heart twice in one circulation, meaning high blood pressure is maintained and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is kept separate
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18
Q

On the right side of the heart, what happens?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters via the vena cava and is pumped into the lungs via the pulmonary artery

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19
Q

On the left side of the heart, what happens?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs entered the heart via the pulsar y vein and leaves into the body via the aorta

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20
Q

Why are atrium walls thinner than ventricular walls?

A

They contract with less force to pump blood a shorted distance (under less pressure) and therefore need less muscle mass

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21
Q

What does the septum in the heart do?

A

The septum divides the right and left sides of the heart and ensures that the heart is a double pump and that there us no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood, this maintains a steep concentration gradient to enable efficient diffusion of oxygen and car ion dioxide between the tissues and lungs

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22
Q

What is the role of the aorta?

A

Where oxygenated blood from the heart exits (from the heart into the body)

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23
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

A

Where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters into the heart

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24
Q

What is the role of the vena cava?

A

Where deoxygenated blood enters through (into the heart from the body)

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25
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

Where deoxygenated blood leaves the heart and exits into the lungs

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26
Q

What is the role of atrioventricular valves?

A

Prevents back-flow

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27
Q

What is the role of semilunar valves?

A

Prevents backflow from arteries back into ventricles

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28
Q

What is the role of tendinous cords?

A

To prevent valves from inverting

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29
Q

Describe blood pressure in arteries:

A

Blood pressure is high and pulsatile, pressure surges are reduces to give smooth back flow because elastic fibres in artery walls stretch under high pressure and then recoil when pressure drops

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30
Q

Describe blood pressure in arterioles:

A

Blood pressure decreases rapidly because of the increase in total cross sectional area of blood vessels, this is caused by friction ad resistance as blood flows through the arterioles

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31
Q

Describe the blood pressure in capillaries:

A

Total cross sectional area increases further cause even more friction and resistance and loss of pressure. Low blood pressure is important because there is more time for diffusion for substances in and out of capillaries for exchange surrounding tissues

32
Q

Describe the blood pressure in veins

A

So low that there has to be valves

33
Q

What adaptations does an artery have?

A
  1. Thick wall with a lot of muscle and elastic tissue to cope with high pressure produced by the heartbeat as it allows arteries to stretch when blood is under high pressure and recoil when ventricles relax. This maintains a smooth blood flow by reducing pressure surges
  2. Narrow lumen helps maintain high blood pressure
  3. The endothelium is smooth to reduce blood friction and folded so it can stretch under pressure
34
Q

What adaptations does an arteriole have?

A
  1. Walls contain mainly smooth muscle which contracts to reducing diameter of the lumen to reduce blood flow into capillaries, this process is called vasoconstriction and is important in regulating heart loss from the skin
35
Q

What adaptations does a capillary have?

A
  1. Wall is made up of endothelium which is one cell thick and is flattened so there is a short diffusion distance
  2. Narrow lumen so slowing down the rate of blood flow to give more time for diffusion
  3. Gaps between cells help diffusion of large molecules and formation to tissue fluid
36
Q

What are the adaptations of veins?

A
  1. Thin wall with much less muscle ad elastic tissue than an artery
  2. Wide lumen and smooth endothelium
  3. Valve to prevent back flow of blood. Blood is under low pressure in ventricles, so blood flow is helped by contraction of the body muscles moving them
37
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues

38
Q

What is tissue fluid made up of?

A

Made from substances rear leave the blood plasma (oxygen, water, small blood proteins, mineral ions and glucose)

39
Q

What is tissue fluid used for?

A

Cells take in oxygen, glucose and other nutrients from tissue fluid

40
Q

There are two opposing pressures which determine when and where tissue fluid is formed and how it returns, these are?

A

High blood (hydrostatic) pressure forces tissue fluid out of the capillaries
Low water potential draws water back into capillaries

41
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is formed at the arterial end:

A
  1. High blood pressure forces fluid out through the capillary walls
  2. Large plasma proteins remain in the capillary
  3. Blood pressure which forces water put is higher than the water potential which draws water back by osmosis
42
Q

Describe how tissue fluid returns at the venue end:

A
  1. The water potential of capillary blood is lower than the water potential of the tissue fluid, due to the large plasma proteins left in the blood
  2. This causes water to leave tissue fluid and enter the capillaries by osmosis
  3. Blood pressure is lower at the venule end
    4 excess tissue fluid drains into the lymph system and is returned to the blood near the heart in the vena cava
43
Q

What happens in the heart during one heartbeat?

A

. Atrial diastole: the heart beat begins when the heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria
. Atrial systole: the atria contract and the valves open to force blood into the ventricles
. Ventricle systole: the ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart . At the same time, the atria are relaxing and one again filling with blood

44
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute)?

A

Cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

45
Q

What part of the brain is sensitive to body demands for heart rate?

A

Medulla oblongata

46
Q

The sympathetic nervous system and accelerator nerve are used to increase or decrease heart rate?

A

Increase

47
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system and vagus nerve are used to increase or decrease heart rate?

A

Decrease

48
Q

What is the S.A. Node and the A.V. Node?

A

The first pacemaker in the right atrial wall and the second pacemaker located in the septum of the heart

49
Q

What is the bundle of hiss?

A

Conductive tissue found in the septum of the heart

50
Q

What is the purkinje fibres?

A

Third pacemaker located in the ventricles

51
Q

What are the steps in the conduction of a cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Sensory information about the body is interpreted by the medulla oblongata
  2. An electrical impulse is sent out using an autonomic nerve (accelerator nerve from the sympathetic division of ANS or vagus nerve)
  3. The electrical impulse arrives at the S.A. Node in the right atrium of the heart and this trigger a a wave of electrical activity to pass over both atrial chambers which cases the myocardium in each atrium to contract
  4. The electrical impulse arrives at the A.V. Node in the septum of the heart and there is a slight delay while the atria finish contracting to ensure that the chambers have finished emptying with blood
  5. The wave of impulse is then passed down the septum using the conductive bundle of hiss tissue
  6. When the electrical impulse arrives at the apex of the heart, purkinje fibres conduct the impulse up the ventricles so that the ventricles contract from the bottom up. This forces the blood up out through the pulmonary and aorta arteries
52
Q

Heart rate is controlled by the part of the PNS called? Which has two subsystems called?

A

Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic- fight or flight system, gets the body ready for action
parasympathetic - rest and digest system, calms the body down

53
Q

The ANS is involved in what?

A

Non conscious control (homeostasis)

54
Q

What is myogenic control?

A

The heart initiates its own contractions, electrical impulses start in the SAN pacemaker at a set frequency of 70 beats per minute

55
Q

What is autonomic nervous control?

A

Cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata: which has nerve connections to the SAN, sends impulses to speed up or slow down the SAN and responds to information from receptors which detect changes in the internal environment (blood pressure, oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH)

56
Q

What lowers pH?

A

Respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide which lowers pH

57
Q

Low blood pressure is dangerous because?

A

It can cause fainting as oxygen is not supplied to tissues quickly enough for respiration

58
Q

High blood pressure is dangerous because?

A

It damages arteries causing strokes

59
Q

Low blood plasma oxygen indicates what?

A

That the heart is not beating quickly enough to meet the body’s demand for aerobic respiration

60
Q

Low and high blood plasma pH are dangerous because?

A

Proteins denature at extremes of pH

61
Q

Compare the locations of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors:

A

B is located in the aorta, carotid arteries and vena cava
C is locates in aorta, carotid arteries and medulla

62
Q

Compare the roles of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

A

B detect changes in blood pressure and send impulses to medulla
C detect changes in blood plasma oxygen, carbon dioxide and ph and send impulses to medulla

63
Q

Describe the response to low blood pressure, low blood plasma oxygen and pH or high blood plasma carbon dioxide:

A

The medulla sends more impulses along sympathetic neurones causing release of noradrenaline.
Noradrenaline binds to receptors on SAN causing heart rate to speed up
Therefore, blood pressure, oxygen and ph increase and blood carbon dioxide decreases

64
Q

Describe the response to high blood pressure, high blood plasma oxygen and ph or low blood plasma carbon dioxide:

A

The medulla sends more impulses along parasympathetic neurones causing a release of acetylcholine
Acetylcholine binds to rejectors on SAN causing heart rate to slow down
Therefore, blood pressure, oxygen and ph decrease and carbon dioxide in blood increases

65
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

It supplies heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for respiration and carries blood under a high pressure

66
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

A result of atheroma (fatty deposits which build up in the walls of the arteries under the endothelium lining)
Atheroma roughen the lining of arteries and make the lumen narrower, which increases the risk of thrombosis (formation of blood clots) in arteries

67
Q

What does partial thrombosis cause?

A

Angina, a pain caused by build up of lactic acid in cardiac muscle

68
Q

Full blockage causes what?

A

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) as heart muscle deprived of oxygen and glucose can’t respire and dies, this can lead to heart failure

69
Q

How does high blood cholesterol affect the heart?

A

There’s more atheroma

70
Q

How does smoking affect the heart?

A

Carbon monoxide from smoke damages artery linings and the nicotine increases stickiness of platelets, increases cholesterol levels and constricts arteries

71
Q

How does high blood pressure affect the heart?

A

Increased damage to artery walls

72
Q

If a blood vessel supplying the heart or Brain is obstructed by an atheroma plaque, thrombi or embolism, a myocardial infarction or a cerebral ischemic event occurs retrospectively, describe this event:

A

. The lack of blood supply means that the affected tissue does not receive its vital cell respiration reactants of oxygen and glucose needed for ATP
. A lack of ATP causes chaotic cell death, known as necrosis, whereby the affected tissue dies very rapidly and irreversibly
. The rest of the organ may survive by may not function properly
. This causes a heart attack whereby the heart is no longer able to contract and generate a normal heartbeat
. In the Brian, this causes a stroke whereby brain tissue is destroyed

73
Q

Describe how nurses take anatomical and psychological measurements of the cardiovascular system

A

By taking heat and pulse rate and taking blood pressure

74
Q

Doctors can listen to heart sounds using?

A

A stethoscope, which can give indications to faulty or damaged valves and irregular rhythms of heartbeat.

75
Q

What does an angiogram do?

A

It allows for clarity of blood vessels to be observed in real time and involves injecting a fluorescent dye into the blood, then time is allowed for the chemical to evenly distribute in the cardiovascular system. Finally, the patient is placed into a machine which can detect the fluorescent dye within the blood vessels

76
Q

What is an ECG?

A

A measure of electrical activity in the heart

Human Biology (12 decks)

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