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Anatomy Term 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation (Definition)

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs (bulk flow)

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Transporting Oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the external environment

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3
Q

External Respiration is

A

Gas exchange (lungs with alveoli)

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4
Q

Internal Respiration is

A

Use of Oxygen by cells to make ATP

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5
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
  • Regulates blood pH by removing carbon dioxide
  • Warms and moistens inhaled air
  • Filters particles from inhaled air
  • Gives sense of smell
  • Produces sound by moving air past the vocal cords
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6
Q

What is in Thoracic Cavity? (3 divisions)

A

Pleural Cavities x 2
and Mediastinum

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7
Q

What organs are in the mediastinum?

A

Heart, Thymus, Esophagus, Trachea and Bronchi

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8
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleual cavities?

A
  1. Parietal pleura (covers the thoracic wall)
  2. Viceral pleura
    (covers the outer surface of the lungs)
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9
Q

What are the organs in the Upper Respiratory System? (Structural Divisions)

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (voice box)
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10
Q

What are the organs in the Lower Respiratory System? (Structural Divisions)

A
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Lungs
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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11
Q

What are the parts of the Conducting Zone? (Functional Divisons)

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi (Primary & Secondary)
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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12
Q

What are parts of the Respiratory Zone (Gas exchange sites)

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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13
Q

What are the functions of the nasal anatomy?

A
  • warms the air entering the lungs
  • moistens air eneting the lungs
  • sense of smell
  • helps with resonance of voice
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14
Q

What are the external nares and where do they connect?

A

Nostrils, and they open into the nasal cavity

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15
Q

Which bones make up the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid bone and vomer bone

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16
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Lined with olfactory epithelium

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17
Q

What opens into the nasal cavity?

A

Paransal Septum

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18
Q

What lines the nasal conchae?

A
  • lined with mucous that is produced by olfactory mucosa
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19
Q

What are 3 features of the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

A
  • narrow grooves
  • churn air and trap particles
  • current for olfactory receptors
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20
Q

What is the 4 parts of the air passage in the nasal anatomy?

A
  1. External Nares
  2. Nasal Cavity
  3. Internal Nares
  4. Nasopharynx
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21
Q

Which bones contain the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

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22
Q

What is pharynx posterior to?

A

The pharynx is posterior to nasal and oral cavities

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23
Q

What is the pharynx superior to?

A

Pharynx is superior ot the larynx

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24
Q

What is the Pharynx Anterior to?

A

Cervical Vertebrae

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25
Q

What are the 3 divisons of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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26
Q

What is the Pharynx connected to?

A

Nasal Cavities, Mouth, Esophagus, Larynx and Eustachian tubes

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27
Q

What is the Pharynx a passageway for?

A
  1. Food
  2. Liquid
  3. Air
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28
Q

What provides immune protection in the pharynx?

A

Tonsils

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29
Q

What are 2 parts of the Nasopharynx?

A
  • Phayngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  • Eustachian tube openings
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30
Q

What are 2 parts of the oropharynx?

A
  • Palatine Tonsils (‘the tonsils’)
  • Lingual Tonsils
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31
Q

The Laryngopharynx streches from…

A

Hyoid bone, to the esophagus posteriorly, Larynx anteriorly

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32
Q

The larynx streches from which vertebrae, to which vertebrae?

A

From C4-C6

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33
Q

What are the 4 incomplete cartilage in the larynx?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
  • Arytenoid (corniculate)
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34
Q

What is the largest cartilage in the larynx and what is its common name?

A

Thyroid, Adams Apple

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35
Q

What type of cartilage is in the thyroid?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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36
Q

What connects the Hyoid bone to the thyroid?

A

Ligaments

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37
Q

What cartilage of the larynx is inferior to the thyroid?

A

Cricoid

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38
Q

What direction does the Cricoid expand?

A

Posteriorly

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39
Q

Where does the Epiglottis attach to?

A

Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

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40
Q

What does the Epiglottis cover?

A

Glottis

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41
Q

Arytenoid is superior to the

A

Cricoid

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42
Q

Where does the Arytenoid attach to?

A

The true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles

43
Q

What does the Arytenoid assist with?

A

It assists in voice production

44
Q

The Arytenoid is paired (True or False)

A

True

45
Q

Where do the vocal cords attach?

A

They attach to the arytenoid cartilage

46
Q

What length of vertebrae does the trachea strech?

A

C6-T5

47
Q

What is the function of the Trachea?

A

Conducts air from the larynx thriugh mediastinum and ends at the carina

48
Q

What is special about the cartilage in the trachea?

A

It is made of 16-20 incomplete cartilage rings

49
Q

What do the C shapped rings in the Trachea assist with?

A
  • Prevent it from collapsing
  • Allows for exapnsion of the esophagus during swallowing
50
Q

What is the inner layer of the trachea made of?

A

Respiratory Mucosa, the pseudostratified epithelial tissue contatins goblet cells and cilia

51
Q

What is in the middle layer of the trachea?

A
  • Cartilaginous rings
  • Trachealis muscle runs posteriorly
  • Fibroelastic vertical connection between C rings
52
Q

What is the external layer of the Trachea made of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

Where is the Carina located?

A

At the sternal angle (T5)

54
Q

Where is the Hilus located?

A

Where CV structures and primary bronchi enter lungs

55
Q

What are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi?

A

The right primary bronchi wider, shorter and more vertical

56
Q

How many secondary bronchi are in each lung?

A

1 per lobe (2 in the left and 3 on the right)

57
Q

What marks the end of the conducting zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

58
Q

Why is cartilage replaced with smooth muscle in Bronchioles?

A

To allow for dilation and constriction

59
Q

What is each lobe supplied by?

A

Secondary bronchus

60
Q

The tertiary bronchi supply

A

smaller segments of the lobes

61
Q

What do lobules contain?

A
  1. Lymphatic vessel
  2. Arteriole
  3. Venule
  4. Branch from the terminal bronchiole
62
Q

What are the gas exchange sites in the lungs?

A

Bronchioles and Alveoli

63
Q

Type 1 Alveolar cells are lined by

A

a continuous layer, one cell thick, of flat epithelial cells

64
Q

What do type 2 Alveolar cells produce?

A

Surfactant

65
Q

What muscles are used for inhalation in quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm (contracts) and External Intercostals

66
Q

what muscles are used in exhalation in quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and External Intercostals relax

67
Q

What 2 muscles help with forced inhalation during exercise?

A
  1. Sternocleidmastoid
  2. Scalenes
68
Q

What 2 muscles contract during forced exhalation

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal
69
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always ………….. less than alveolar pressure (at neutral)

A

4 mmHG

70
Q

What does compliance mean in reference to lungs?

A

The ability of the lungs to stretch or expand

71
Q

What are the 2 major determinants of lung compliance?

A
  1. Strechability
  2. Surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli (surfactant)
72
Q

What does type 2 alveolar cells produce?

A

Surfactant

73
Q

What does surfactant do in the alveoli?

A

-lowers the surface tension
- Increases lung compliance

74
Q

What is the amount of dead space (the amount of air that does not reach the Alveoli) in adults?

A

150 ml

75
Q

What is the amount of dead space (the amount of air that does not reach the Alveoli) in children?

A

100 ml

76
Q

Definition of Alveolar Ventilation

A

The volume of gas expired from the alveoli to the outside of the body per minute

77
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma?

A

10%

78
Q

What percentage of CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin?

A

25%

79
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions?

A

65%

80
Q

What happens when bicarbonate leaves red cells and enter plasma?

A

Cl- ions enter the red blood cell to balance the charge chloride hsidt

81
Q

Most H+ ions stay in the red blood cells attached to?

A

Hemoglobin

82
Q

What causes H+ ions to occur in increased amounts?

A

Exercise

83
Q

What is the CO2 and ph level like when someone has hyperventilation?

A

Hyperventilation means Hypocapnia - low CO2

Hyperventilation means respiratory alkalosis - high blood ph

84
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperventilation?

A

Dizziness, tingling in fingers, toes, and face, and weakness, and may cause fainting

85
Q

What is the CO2 and ph level like when someone has hypoventilation?

A

Hypercapnia - high CO2
Respiratory Acidosis - low blood pH

86
Q

What is the main regulatory centre for breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongota

87
Q

What is the breathing pacemaker?

A

(VRG) Ventral respiratory group

88
Q

What signals inspiratory muscles?

A

Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)

89
Q

What helps fine tune breathing?

A

Pons

90
Q

What does the upper pons (Pnuemotaxic centre) modulate?

A

It modulates lower pons and makes breathing smooth

91
Q

What does the lower pons (apneustic centre) do?

A

fine tunes signals from medulla to inspiratory muscles

92
Q

What do strech recepetors prevent?

A

Over inflation

93
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where?

A

In carotid arteries and aortic arch

94
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

O2 , CO2 and H+ concentration

95
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors?

A

medulla oblongota

96
Q

Central chemoreceptors detect?

A

High CO2 by detecting high H+ in CSF

97
Q

Where does voluntary control of breathing originate?

A

cerebral cortex (frontal lobe)

98
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic, Obstructive Oulmonary Disease

99
Q

What are 3 examples of COPD?

A
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Combination of both
100
Q

What is Emphyseman typically caused by?

A

Smoking

101
Q

What does Emphysema cause?

A
  • Destruction of alveolar walls (less surface area)
  • Loss in elastic ability to exhale
102
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

excessive mucus production in the bronchi and chronic
inflammatory changes in the small airways

103
Q

What is chronic bronchits caused by?

A

obstruction from accumulation of mucus in the airways and thickening of the inflamed airways

Anatomy Term 2 (5 decks)

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