Respiratory system Flashcards by vlad zuban

Outline the respiratory tract functions

area for gas exchange
pH regulation (acid/base)
thermoregulation
water elimination
voice projection
humidification & warming of air
protection
olfactory stimuli detection

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Know all structures of respiratory tract

slides 4, 5, 6…

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Name the structures associated with the upper respiratory tract…?

Nose
Nasal cavity
pharynx

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Name the structures associated with the lower respiratory tract…?

larynx
trachea
bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
bronchioles (terminal, respiratory)
alveoli

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Know the gross anatomy of the respiratory tract…

slide 8 & 9…

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Name the structures in the hilus and direction of travel

bronchus (enters)
pulmonary artery & nerve (enters)
pulmonary vein & lymphatics (leave)

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Which side of the lung is bigger?

right

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Anatomical structures of the nasal cavity…?

Hard & soft palate
septum (cartilage) = divided in half
conchal bones - fine (good blood supply, mucous membrane covering, warm & humidify incoming air)

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A bit about sinuses…?

air filled space in skull
connected to nasal cavity
limited exchange of air
maxillary sinus (roots of cheek teeth)
thermal & mechanical protection

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Where does the frontal sinus extend?

Horns of sheep & cattle

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A bit about the pharynx…?

common passage for food & air
at back of throat
soft palate
Epiglottis (larynx) overlaps soft palate
movement of soft palate & epiglottis

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What does the soft palate do structurally?

Separates entrance of mouth & nasal passage

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Describe what happens to the epiglottis & soft palate when an animal breathes vs swallows?

Breathing - epiglottis and soft palate stay overlapped and leave glottis (entrance to trachea) open
Swallowing - epiglottis covers glottis & soft palate extends directing saliva/food into oesophagus (slide 20)

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A bit about the larynx…?

Entrance to lower airways (trachea)
connects pharynx & trachea
made up of 5 cartilages
vocal cords (phonation)
allows only gases into trachea

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What are the 5 cartilages of the larynx?

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
2 * arytenoid
cricoid

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A bit about the trachea…?

non-collapsible tube
passes down the neck larynx -> lungs
cartilage rings connected dorsally by muscle
-> 2 bronchi (one to each lung)
mucous membrane lining ciliated
mucocilliary transport system - moves mucus & debris away from lung

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T or F - bronchi and trachea have identical structures

true

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T or F - bronchioles have a supporting cartilage like the trachea

false

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Which bronchioles are the smallest?

Respiratory or terminal bronchioles

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The role of smooth muscle in the respiratory system…?

allow control of airway diameter (contract = narrower, relax = wider)

What would cause contraction in the airways…?

irritants (pollen)
dust (asthma)
nervous system control

What would cause relaxation in the airways…?

adrenaline 
drugs (clenbuterol = ventipulmin bronchodilator)

Where is the site of gas exchange?

alveoli

A bit more on alveoli…

millions of them!

blood capillaries intimately associated

Place in order from smallest to largest: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sacs, bronchiole

alveolar sacs -> respiratory bronchiole -> bronchiole

When is optimal gas exchange achieved?

by matching ventilation with blood flow rates

What are the 2 cell types of alveoli - what do they do?

type I - exchange | type II - secretion & surface tension

Identify all structures on slide 34 & 35

do it now!

Outline the passage of air from atmosphere to alveoli... Begin from nostrils

Nostrils -> nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> L/R bronchus -> bronchioles -> intralobular bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli

Which structures would be found in the conducting zone?

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (1*, 2*, 3*)

Which structures would be found in the respiratory zone?

bronchioles (terminal & resp.), alveoli

How many levels of gas exchange are there and what/where are they?

2 levels of gas exchange - external resp. - exchange of O2 & CO2 with atmosphere - internal (cellular) resp. - mitochondria in cell use O2 -> CO2 (waste)

Draw diagram involving 1. pulmonary ventilation, 2. external respiration, 3. transport of respiratory gases, 4. internal respiration

slide 42

Functions of the conducting zone...?

- passage of air to to enter resp. zone - air warmed & humidified - defence

Characteristics of the respiratory zone...?

increased SA -> decreased thickness | no cilia/goblet cells

Movement of air is driven by what?

pressure gradients

What happens to pressure gradient during inspiration?

pressure in alveoli < atmospheric pressure

What happens to pressure gradient during expiration?

pressure in alveoli > atmospheric pressure

Explain what happens in the thorax during inspiration

Thorax enlarges -> inflow of air Contraction of diaphragm contraction of intercostal muscles -> cranial & outward movement of ribs

Define Patm...?

Atmospheric pressure - outside air pressure (760mm Hg)

Define Palv...?

Intra-alveolar Pressure - air pressure within alveoli (at rest 760mm Hg)

What drives ventilation?

pressure gradient between Patm & Palv

Define Pip...?

Intrapleural Pressure - pressure within pleura (at rest ~4mm Hg)

T or F - Palv is always < Pip

false - Palv always > Pip

Define Transpulmonary Pressure...?

Difference between Pip & Palv

Fick's equation describes what?

Rate of diffusion

Dalton's Law of partial pressure describes what?

pressure exerted by a gas relative to number of moles of the gas & volume? re-check wtf that actually means

Henry's Law describes what?

[gas] in liquid proportional to its partial pressure

Boyle's Law states...?

Given quantity of any gas in airtight container, pressure inversely proportional to volume of container