Renal system Flashcards by vlad zuban

List the functions of the urinary systems…?

Filtration of blood - removes toxins & waste
Reabsorption of nutrients, ions & water - conserves important nutrients
Secretion of excess materials - prevents build up of certain materials (drugs, waste)
Release of renin - > form Ang II ->vasoconstriction -> increase BP
Release of erythropoietin - > RBC prod. -> adequate O2 & CO2 transport
Activation of vitamin D - (calcitriol) -> increases Ca absorption from digestive tract
Secretion of H & reabsorption of HCO3 - acid/base balance
Gluconeogenesis - glucose from non-CHO sources

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label urinary system structures…

diagram slide 7

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Location of kidneys…?

against abdo. roof, either side of vertebral column. lumbar region

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Ureter length sex comparisons…?

males - long
females - short
urethra - structural continuation of bladder

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Micturition flow chart…

re-draw & memorise

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Macroscopic kidney anatomy…

learn & memorise slides 22 & 23

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unipyramidal kidneys are found in which animals?

dog/cat/horse/small ruminant

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multipyramidal kidnets are found in which animals?

cow/pig/human

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Avian-renal system…?

brown & elongated
cortex & medulla not clearly demarcated
bladder & urethra absent

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List & describe vascular components of a nephron…?

Afferent arteriole - carries blood -> glomerulus
glomerulus - tuft of capillaries filters protein-free plasma -> tubular component
Efferent arteriole - carries blood away from glomerulus
peritubular capillaries - supplies renal tissue; exchanges with fluid in tubular lumen

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List & describe tubular components of a nephron…?

Bowman’s capsule - collects glomerular filtrate
proximal tubule - uncontrolled reabsorption & secretion of substances
Loop of Henle - osmotic gradient in renal medulla -> kidney able to produce urine of varying [ ]
distal tubule & collecting duct - reabsorption of Na & H2O; secretion of K+ & H+ (fluid leaving collecting duct is urine)

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combined vascular/tubular component…?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus - prod. subs. involved in control of kidney function

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glomerulus + Bowmans capsule = …?

renal corpuscle

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function of vasa recta…?

straight capillaries in medulla (parallel to loop of Henle (involved in countercurrent exchange)

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function of peritubular capillaries…?

tiny blood vessels near nephrons absorption/secretion between blood and nephron lumen

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2 types of nephrons…?

cortical & juxtamedullary

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3 functions of nephron…?

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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to be filtered, a substance must pass thru which structures…?

pores between endothelial cells
across basement membrane
filtration slits between podocytes
slide 36…

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Filtration membrane allows which substances to pass thru…?

low mol. weight & cationic ions

does NOT ALLOW protein & RBCs

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Clinical significance of proteinuria…?

hypertension (hypertensive renal disease)
diabetes (diabetic nephropathy
pregnancy (gestational hypertension)

Factors contributing to GF…?

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure FF
Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure OF
Glomerular oncotic pressure

Regulation of GFR…?

autoregulation (myogenic control, tubulorglomerular feedbackmesangial cells)
SNS (baroreceptors, renin release)

Reabsorption & juxtaglomerular apparatus & BP…?

maintains BP

if BP drops -> granular JG cells -> renin release
macula densa (inside the distal tube) monitors salt content

What are the barriers to reabsorption?

apical membrane -> basolateral membrane -> basement membrane -> peritubular space -> capillary endothelium

characteristics of proximal collecting tubule...?

non-regulated reabsorption leaky epithelium-paracellular transport apical membrane: brush border, microvilli, large SA more mitochondria in the cells

characteristics of distal tubule & collecting duct...?

regulated reabsorption & secretion tight epithelium-paracellular transport apical membrane: NO brush border OR microvilli fewer mitochondria in the cells

Characteristics of descending loop of Henle...?

permeable to water impermeable to solutes water moves out by osmosis fluid in tubule become hypertonic

Characteristics of ascending loop of Henle...?

impermeable to water (thin & thick) permeable to solutes esp. Na+ & Cl- (thin & thick) Na & Cl move down [ ] gradient (thin); Na & Cl active transport (thick) fluid from hypertonic -> isotonic (thin); fluid in tubule hypotonic (thick)

ADH properties...?

``` post pitu water reg. DCT & CD aquaporin 2 changes in osmolality of ECF osmoreceptors in hypothalamus ```

Aldosterone properties...?

released from adrenal cortex Na reabsorption & K secretion in DCT & CD increase number of Na & K channels in apical membrane increases Na/K ATPase pumps in basolateral membrane release important factor for RAAS

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) properties...?

``` secreted by atria in heart increase Na secretion increase GFR & decrease Na reabsorption decrease renin & Ald release increase blood volume distension of the atria ```

Absence of ADH => ...?

large volume of dilute urine

Presence od ADH...?

small volume of concentrated urine

Obligatory urine volume is...?

the MINIMUM urine volume in which excreted solute can be dissolved & excreted 600mOsm / max. urine osmolarity = OUV ie. 600mOsm/d / 1200mOsm/L = 0.5 L/day

In renal disease, what would be a typical obligatory urine volume?

higher | eg. 600 / 300 (max. urine volume) = 2 L/day

Failure to produce ADH?

"Central" diabetes insipidus

Failure to respond to ADH?

"nephrogenic" diabetes insipidus

What happens during thirst?

dry throat increased plasma osmotic pressure (increased solute concentration) decreased blood volume (decreased BP) -> activates RAAS -> ADH release post. pitu.

Why is excess H+ generated on a daily basis?

Input from diet - proteins & fats -> H+ | Metabolism - CO2, lactic acid, ketoacids -> H+

pH of blood...low...high...?

normal 7.35-7.45 | 7.45 = alkalosis

What factors may cause metabolic acidosis...?

decrease pH other than thru CO2 - high protein/fat diet - heavy ex. - severe diarrhoea - renal dysfunction

What factors may cause metabolic alkalosis...?

increased pH other than thru CO2 - excessive vomiting - consumption of alkaline products - renaldysfunction

What are the 3 lines of defence against acid-base disturbances?

1. Buffering 2. Resp. compensation 3. renal compensation

Buffering compensation...?

``` quickest defence against changes in pH most important ECF buffer = bicarbonate ICF buffers (proteins, phosphates) ```

Resp. compensation...?

2nd line of defence | regulates pH by varying ventilation - increased resp. -> decreases CO2

Renal compensation...?

3rd line of defence regulate excretion of H+ ions & bicarbin urine regulate synthesis of new bicarb in renal tubules

Glutamine's role in renal compensation?

reg. of H ion secretion, bicarb. reabsorption, and bicarb. synthesis usually sufficient ...however... in severe acidosis -> glutamine metabolism needed to produce new bicarb. & secrete H+ as ammonium

Loss of bicarb. from body results in what type of acid base imbalance?

metabolic acidosis