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ASC171 - Final exam modules > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the urinary systems…?

A
  1. Filtration of blood - removes toxins & waste
  2. Reabsorption of nutrients, ions & water - conserves important nutrients
  3. Secretion of excess materials - prevents build up of certain materials (drugs, waste)
  4. Release of renin - > form Ang II ->vasoconstriction -> increase BP
  5. Release of erythropoietin - > RBC prod. -> adequate O2 & CO2 transport
  6. Activation of vitamin D - (calcitriol) -> increases Ca absorption from digestive tract
  7. Secretion of H & reabsorption of HCO3 - acid/base balance
  8. Gluconeogenesis - glucose from non-CHO sources
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2
Q

label urinary system structures…

A

diagram slide 7

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3
Q

Location of kidneys…?

A

against abdo. roof, either side of vertebral column. lumbar region

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4
Q

Ureter length sex comparisons…?

A

males - long
females - short
urethra - structural continuation of bladder

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5
Q

Micturition flow chart…

A

re-draw & memorise

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6
Q

Macroscopic kidney anatomy…

A

learn & memorise slides 22 & 23

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7
Q

unipyramidal kidneys are found in which animals?

A

dog/cat/horse/small ruminant

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8
Q

multipyramidal kidnets are found in which animals?

A

cow/pig/human

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9
Q

Avian-renal system…?

A

brown & elongated
cortex & medulla not clearly demarcated
bladder & urethra absent

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10
Q

List & describe vascular components of a nephron…?

A

Afferent arteriole - carries blood -> glomerulus
glomerulus - tuft of capillaries filters protein-free plasma -> tubular component
Efferent arteriole - carries blood away from glomerulus
peritubular capillaries - supplies renal tissue; exchanges with fluid in tubular lumen

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11
Q

List & describe tubular components of a nephron…?

A

Bowman’s capsule - collects glomerular filtrate
proximal tubule - uncontrolled reabsorption & secretion of substances
Loop of Henle - osmotic gradient in renal medulla -> kidney able to produce urine of varying [ ]
distal tubule & collecting duct - reabsorption of Na & H2O; secretion of K+ & H+ (fluid leaving collecting duct is urine)

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12
Q

combined vascular/tubular component…?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus - prod. subs. involved in control of kidney function

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13
Q

glomerulus + Bowmans capsule = …?

A

renal corpuscle

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14
Q

function of vasa recta…?

A

straight capillaries in medulla (parallel to loop of Henle (involved in countercurrent exchange)

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15
Q

function of peritubular capillaries…?

A

tiny blood vessels near nephrons absorption/secretion between blood and nephron lumen

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16
Q

2 types of nephrons…?

A

cortical & juxtamedullary

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17
Q

3 functions of nephron…?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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18
Q

to be filtered, a substance must pass thru which structures…?

A
  1. pores between endothelial cells
  2. across basement membrane
  3. filtration slits between podocytes
    slide 36…
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19
Q

Filtration membrane allows which substances to pass thru…?

A

low mol. weight & cationic ions

does NOT ALLOW protein & RBCs

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20
Q

Clinical significance of proteinuria…?

A

hypertension (hypertensive renal disease)
diabetes (diabetic nephropathy
pregnancy (gestational hypertension)

21
Q

Factors contributing to GF…?

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure FF
Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure OF
Glomerular oncotic pressure

22
Q

Regulation of GFR…?

A

autoregulation (myogenic control, tubulorglomerular feedbackmesangial cells)
SNS (baroreceptors, renin release)

23
Q

Reabsorption & juxtaglomerular apparatus & BP…?

A

maintains BP

  • if BP drops -> granular JG cells -> renin release
  • macula densa (inside the distal tube) monitors salt content
24
Q

What are the barriers to reabsorption?

A

apical membrane -> basolateral membrane -> basement membrane -> peritubular space -> capillary endothelium

25
Q

characteristics of proximal collecting tubule…?

A

non-regulated reabsorption
leaky epithelium-paracellular transport
apical membrane: brush border, microvilli, large SA
more mitochondria in the cells

26
Q

characteristics of distal tubule & collecting duct…?

A

regulated reabsorption & secretion
tight epithelium-paracellular transport
apical membrane: NO brush border OR microvilli
fewer mitochondria in the cells

27
Q

Characteristics of descending loop of Henle…?

A

permeable to water
impermeable to solutes
water moves out by osmosis
fluid in tubule become hypertonic

28
Q

Characteristics of ascending loop of Henle…?

A

impermeable to water (thin & thick)
permeable to solutes esp. Na+ & Cl- (thin & thick)
Na & Cl move down [ ] gradient (thin); Na & Cl active transport (thick)
fluid from hypertonic -> isotonic (thin); fluid in tubule hypotonic (thick)

29
Q

ADH properties…?

A 
post pitu
water reg. DCT & CD
aquaporin 2
changes in osmolality of ECF
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
30
Q

Aldosterone properties…?

A

released from adrenal cortex
Na reabsorption & K secretion in DCT & CD
increase number of Na & K channels in apical membrane
increases Na/K ATPase pumps in basolateral membrane
release important factor for RAAS

31
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) properties…?

A 
secreted by atria in heart
increase Na secretion
increase GFR & decrease Na reabsorption 
decrease renin & Ald release
increase blood volume distension of the atria
32
Q

Absence of ADH => …?

A

large volume of dilute urine

33
Q

Presence od ADH…?

A

small volume of concentrated urine

34
Q

Obligatory urine volume is…?

A

the MINIMUM urine volume in which excreted solute can be dissolved & excreted
600mOsm / max. urine osmolarity = OUV
ie. 600mOsm/d / 1200mOsm/L = 0.5 L/day

35
Q

In renal disease, what would be a typical obligatory urine volume?

A

higher

eg. 600 / 300 (max. urine volume) = 2 L/day

36
Q

Failure to produce ADH?

A

“Central” diabetes insipidus

37
Q

Failure to respond to ADH?

A

“nephrogenic” diabetes insipidus

38
Q

What happens during thirst?

A

dry throat
increased plasma osmotic pressure (increased solute concentration)
decreased blood volume (decreased BP) -> activates RAAS -> ADH release post. pitu.

39
Q

Why is excess H+ generated on a daily basis?

A

Input from diet - proteins & fats -> H+

Metabolism - CO2, lactic acid, ketoacids -> H+

40
Q

pH of blood…low…high…?

A

normal 7.35-7.45

7.45 = alkalosis

41
Q

What factors may cause metabolic acidosis…?

A

decrease pH other than thru CO2

  • high protein/fat diet
  • heavy ex.
  • severe diarrhoea
  • renal dysfunction
42
Q

What factors may cause metabolic alkalosis…?

A

increased pH other than thru CO2

  • excessive vomiting
  • consumption of alkaline products
  • renaldysfunction
43
Q

What are the 3 lines of defence against acid-base disturbances?

A
  1. Buffering
  2. Resp. compensation
  3. renal compensation
44
Q

Buffering compensation…?

A 
quickest defence
against changes in pH
most important ECF buffer = bicarbonate
ICF buffers (proteins, phosphates)
45
Q

Resp. compensation…?

A

2nd line of defence

regulates pH by varying ventilation - increased resp. -> decreases CO2

46
Q

Renal compensation…?

A

3rd line of defence
regulate excretion of H+ ions & bicarbin urine
regulate synthesis of new bicarb in renal tubules

47
Q

Glutamine’s role in renal compensation?

A

reg. of H ion secretion, bicarb. reabsorption, and bicarb. synthesis usually sufficient
…however…
in severe acidosis -> glutamine metabolism needed to produce new bicarb. & secrete H+ as ammonium

48
Q

Loss of bicarb. from body results in what type of acid base imbalance?

A

metabolic acidosis

ASC171 - Final exam modules (7 decks)

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