CV system Flashcards by vlad zuban

How awesome is Bec Doyle?

Super dooper awesome!

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Functions of the heart…?

Transport nutrients
Eliminate waste
Movement of hormones, immune cells, clotting factors

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T or F - the more complex an organism is, the more complex its CV system needs to be.

true

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Which animals do not have a CV system?

The simplest organisms eg. annelids (earthworms)

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CV system comprised of…?

heart
vessels
blood

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Draw & label heart & structures

Slide #10

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Name the 3 structures making up the heart wall

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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Pericardium?

Outer layer - fluid filled sac around the heart

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Myocardium?

Middle layer - cardiac muscle

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Endocardium?

inside layer - smooth ->decreases peripheral resistance -> easier blood flow

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Detail the flow of blood through the heart out loud or write down. Include full details about all structures and how valves are opened & closed.

… watch youtube vid if it helps… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc
Also on slides 13 & 14

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T or F - right atrium & ventricle receive deoxigenated blood while left atrium & ventricle receive oxygenated blood

true - if answered ‘false’, - go back and review the flow of blood through the heart

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Describe types & functions of arteries

any vessel leaving the heart
left pulmonary artery - from right ventricle
aorta - from left ventricle
Thick, elastic walls
low compliance (elastic) - expand as blood enters during systole & recoil during diastole
pressure reservoirs

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Describe types & functions of arterioles

arteries divide into arterioles
thinnest arteries
muscular walls that regulate blood flow thru the area ie. can contract or dilate
resistance & regulation

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Describe types & functions of capillaries

capillaries branch from arterioles
THINNEST in diameter - one RBC thick
Allows for exchanges to occur between plasma & interstitial fluid - (site of exchange - important point)
Walls NOT muscular - cannot dilate or contract

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Describe types & functions of venules

Smallest veins
start to collect blood from capillary beds
similar to arterioles
Capable of contraction and dilation
Thin-walled

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Describe types & functions of veins

Collect blood from venules
Lowest BP
Blood flow is regulated by valves - prevent backflow
Blood returns to heart
volume reservoirs

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Place in order from largest to smallest internal diameter of blood vessels

Vein, artery, arteriole, venule, capillary

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Place in order from largest to smallest average wall thickness of blood vessels

Artery, vein, arteriole, venule, capillary

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Describe features of the lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels (capillaries) start in interstitial fluid -> drain into larger vessels -> empty into veins 
Transports proteins in lymph

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T or F - proteins in lymph can diffuse into blood capillaries

false - proteins can only diffuse from blood into interstitial space (cannot travel back)

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Lymph is filtered through … to make …

lymph nodes to make lymphocytes (produce antibodies)

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A bit about the spleen…

Largest lymph organ
Filters blood instead of lymph fluid
It filters, lymphatic tissue, destroys old/deformed RBCs, stores Fe and blood (RBCs)

Define portal system and give eg’s of some

portal circulation = veins that branch into capillaries then reunites to form veins
eg 1. Liver - portal sys of digestive organs back into caudal vena cava
eg 2. Hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

Define diastole

Relaxation of chambers and filling

Define systole

Cardiac contraction and emptying

Why is it important to have atrial systole before ventricular systole?

to ensure ventricles are FULL of blood

T or F - cardiac muscle requires commands from the CNS to contract

false - command comes from within the heart (myogenic)

Cells that give commands to the heart to contract are also called what?

autorhythmic cells

A LARGE proportion of autorhythmic cells are found where?

Sinoatrial (SA) Node and Artrial-ventricular (AV) Node

Describe phases in the cardiac cycle

Phase 1 - mid-to-late diastole (ventricular filling) then atrial contraction to complete emptying Phase 2 - Isovolumetric contraction followed by systole (ventricular contraction) Phase 3 - Pressure in V > A -> semilunar valves open blood ejected (ventricular ejection) Phase 4 - Isovolumetric relaxation (atrial filling) and early diastole -> Phase 1

ECG trace measures what?

Voltage change during depolarisation & repolarisation

ECG trace made up of which 3 waves? Describe each briefly

P wave - atrial depolarisation QRS wave complex - ventricular depolarisation T wave - ventricular repolarisation

Describe in detail the process of the ECG trace

P wave - AP sent from SA node to AV node causing atrial depolarisation (P wave) induces atrial systole QRS wave complex - AP spreads thru bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers causing ventricular depolarisation seen as QRS complex induces ventricular systole T wave - as APs pass out of ventricles, ventricular depolarisation seen as T wave induces ventricular diastole

1st two heart sounds...?

tricuspid & bicuspid valves (AV) closing closely followed by aortic & semilunar valves opening

2nd two heart sounds...?

Aortic & pulmonary valves closing closely followed by tricuspid & bicuspid valves opening

Define CO and give equation

Amount of blood leaving ventricles each minute | CO = SV * HR

Define stroke volume (SV)

amount of blood leaving ventricles with each contraction

Primary factors affecting stroke volume?

Intrinsic & extrinsic control

Properties of intrinsic control...

As end-diastolic volume increases, stroke volume increases -> more volume -> greater stretch of ventricular muscle fibres -> optimal muscle tension achieved & myofilaments are closer together

What is Starling's law of the heart?

heart pumps blood that is returned to it

Properties of extrinsic control...

SNS & Adr Adr & NA increase contraction strength by increasing Ca++ influx into muscle fibres SNS activity constricts veins -> ++ venous return

Describe actions of the ANS on HR

PsNS - decreases SA potential | SNS - increases SA potential

Flow of blood thru vessels is dependent upon...?

BP & resistance

Where is BP highest?

close to the heart & lowest as it flows thru the vessels

What are the factors affecting resistance?

Radius - MAJOR effect Viscosity - minor change Length - the longer the vessel -> the more resistance

Describe the vessels in the periphery & their properties

Arteries - low resistance, but act as pressure reseroirs | Arterioles - GREATEST resistance.

T or F - capillaries vary pressure by changing resistance

False - they cannot vary resistance; only velocity of flow

T or F - veins have high resistance

False - low

MAP regulated by...?

CO TPR blood volume

MAP equation...

MAP = diastolic + 1/3 systolic

Location of chemoreceptors & their role...?

Carotid & aortic arteries - identify low O2 levels & acidic conditions Also drives respiration and stimulates vasoconstriction

Location & role of baroreceptors...?

Aortic arch & carotid sinus (mammals) They detect pressure & drive autonomic input Also regulates arterial pressure to supply blood to brain

What do carotid arteries do?

take blood to the brain

Describe in detail BP homeostatic control...

See slide 61