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ASC171 - Final exam modules > CV system > Flashcards

CV system Flashcards

1
Q

How awesome is Bec Doyle?

A

Super dooper awesome!

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2
Q

Functions of the heart…?

A

Transport nutrients
Eliminate waste
Movement of hormones, immune cells, clotting factors

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3
Q

T or F - the more complex an organism is, the more complex its CV system needs to be.

A

true

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4
Q

Which animals do not have a CV system?

A

The simplest organisms eg. annelids (earthworms)

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5
Q

CV system comprised of…?

A

heart
vessels
blood

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6
Q

Draw & label heart & structures

A

Slide #10

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7
Q

Name the 3 structures making up the heart wall

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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8
Q

Pericardium?

A

Outer layer - fluid filled sac around the heart

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9
Q

Myocardium?

A

Middle layer - cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Endocardium?

A

inside layer - smooth ->decreases peripheral resistance -> easier blood flow

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11
Q

Detail the flow of blood through the heart out loud or write down. Include full details about all structures and how valves are opened & closed.

A

… watch youtube vid if it helps… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc
Also on slides 13 & 14

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12
Q

T or F - right atrium & ventricle receive deoxigenated blood while left atrium & ventricle receive oxygenated blood

A

true - if answered ‘false’, - go back and review the flow of blood through the heart

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13
Q

Describe types & functions of arteries

A

any vessel leaving the heart
left pulmonary artery - from right ventricle
aorta - from left ventricle
Thick, elastic walls
low compliance (elastic) - expand as blood enters during systole & recoil during diastole
pressure reservoirs

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14
Q

Describe types & functions of arterioles

A

arteries divide into arterioles
thinnest arteries
muscular walls that regulate blood flow thru the area ie. can contract or dilate
resistance & regulation

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15
Q

Describe types & functions of capillaries

A

capillaries branch from arterioles
THINNEST in diameter - one RBC thick
Allows for exchanges to occur between plasma & interstitial fluid - (site of exchange - important point)
Walls NOT muscular - cannot dilate or contract

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16
Q

Describe types & functions of venules

A 
Smallest veins
start to collect blood from capillary beds
similar to arterioles
Capable of contraction and dilation
Thin-walled
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17
Q

Describe types & functions of veins

A 
Collect blood from venules
Lowest BP
Blood flow is regulated by valves - prevent backflow
Blood returns to heart
volume reservoirs
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18
Q

Place in order from largest to smallest internal diameter of blood vessels

A

Vein, artery, arteriole, venule, capillary

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19
Q

Place in order from largest to smallest average wall thickness of blood vessels

A

Artery, vein, arteriole, venule, capillary

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20
Q

Describe features of the lymphatic system

A 
Lymphatic vessels (capillaries) start in interstitial fluid -> drain into larger vessels -> empty into veins 
Transports proteins in lymph
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21
Q

T or F - proteins in lymph can diffuse into blood capillaries

A

false - proteins can only diffuse from blood into interstitial space (cannot travel back)

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22
Q

Lymph is filtered through … to make …

A

lymph nodes to make lymphocytes (produce antibodies)

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23
Q

A bit about the spleen…

A

Largest lymph organ
Filters blood instead of lymph fluid
It filters, lymphatic tissue, destroys old/deformed RBCs, stores Fe and blood (RBCs)

24
Q

Define portal system and give eg’s of some

A

portal circulation = veins that branch into capillaries then reunites to form veins
eg 1. Liver - portal sys of digestive organs back into caudal vena cava
eg 2. Hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

25
Q

Define diastole

A

Relaxation of chambers and filling

26
Q

Define systole

A

Cardiac contraction and emptying

27
Q

Why is it important to have atrial systole before ventricular systole?

A

to ensure ventricles are FULL of blood

28
Q

T or F - cardiac muscle requires commands from the CNS to contract

A

false - command comes from within the heart (myogenic)

29
Q

Cells that give commands to the heart to contract are also called what?

A

autorhythmic cells

30
Q

A LARGE proportion of autorhythmic cells are found where?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node and Artrial-ventricular (AV) Node

31
Q

Describe phases in the cardiac cycle

A

Phase 1 - mid-to-late diastole (ventricular filling) then atrial contraction to complete emptying
Phase 2 - Isovolumetric contraction followed by systole (ventricular contraction)
Phase 3 - Pressure in V > A -> semilunar valves open blood ejected (ventricular ejection)
Phase 4 - Isovolumetric relaxation (atrial filling) and early diastole -> Phase 1

32
Q

ECG trace measures what?

A

Voltage change during depolarisation & repolarisation

33
Q

ECG trace made up of which 3 waves? Describe each briefly

A

P wave - atrial depolarisation
QRS wave complex - ventricular depolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarisation

34
Q

Describe in detail the process of the ECG trace

A

P wave - AP sent from SA node to AV node causing atrial depolarisation (P wave) induces atrial systole
QRS wave complex - AP spreads thru bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers causing ventricular depolarisation seen as QRS complex induces ventricular systole
T wave - as APs pass out of ventricles, ventricular depolarisation seen as T wave induces ventricular diastole

35
Q

1st two heart sounds…?

A

tricuspid & bicuspid valves (AV) closing closely followed by aortic & semilunar valves opening

36
Q

2nd two heart sounds…?

A

Aortic & pulmonary valves closing closely followed by tricuspid & bicuspid valves opening

37
Q

Define CO and give equation

A

Amount of blood leaving ventricles each minute

CO = SV * HR

38
Q

Define stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood leaving ventricles with each contraction

39
Q

Primary factors affecting stroke volume?

A

Intrinsic & extrinsic control

40
Q

Properties of intrinsic control…

A

As end-diastolic volume increases, stroke volume increases -> more volume -> greater stretch of ventricular muscle fibres -> optimal muscle tension achieved & myofilaments are closer together

41
Q

What is Starling’s law of the heart?

A

heart pumps blood that is returned to it

42
Q

Properties of extrinsic control…

A

SNS & Adr
Adr & NA increase contraction strength by increasing Ca++ influx into muscle fibres
SNS activity constricts veins -> ++ venous return

43
Q

Describe actions of the ANS on HR

A

PsNS - decreases SA potential

SNS - increases SA potential

44
Q

Flow of blood thru vessels is dependent upon…?

A

BP & resistance

45
Q

Where is BP highest?

A

close to the heart & lowest as it flows thru the vessels

46
Q

What are the factors affecting resistance?

A

Radius - MAJOR effect
Viscosity - minor change
Length - the longer the vessel -> the more resistance

47
Q

Describe the vessels in the periphery & their properties

A

Arteries - low resistance, but act as pressure reseroirs

Arterioles - GREATEST resistance.

48
Q

T or F - capillaries vary pressure by changing resistance

A

False - they cannot vary resistance; only velocity of flow

49
Q

T or F - veins have high resistance

A

False - low

50
Q

MAP regulated by…?

A

CO
TPR
blood volume

51
Q

MAP equation…

A

MAP = diastolic + 1/3 systolic

52
Q

Location of chemoreceptors & their role…?

A

Carotid & aortic arteries - identify low O2 levels & acidic conditions
Also drives respiration and stimulates vasoconstriction

53
Q

Location & role of baroreceptors…?

A

Aortic arch & carotid sinus (mammals)
They detect pressure & drive autonomic input
Also regulates arterial pressure to supply blood to brain

54
Q

What do carotid arteries do?

A

take blood to the brain

55
Q

Describe in detail BP homeostatic control…

A

See slide 61

ASC171 - Final exam modules (7 decks)

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