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Toby Exam > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To deliver oxygen to the cells of the body’s tissues and remove carbon dioxide, a cell waste product

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2
Q

List the main structural components of the respiratory system

A

-the nasal cavity
-trachea
-lungs

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3
Q

Which lung is smaller?

A

The left lung is smaller to accommodate space for the heart. It has two instead of three lobes.

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4
Q

Single-celled organisms exchange gases

A

Across the cell membrane

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5
Q

As water flows over the gills, oxygen is transferred to blood via

A

the veins

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6
Q

Insects perform respiration via a

A

tracheal system

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7
Q

Why is the complexity of the respiratory system
correlated with the size of the organism?

A

As animal size increases, diffusion distances increase and the ratio of surface area to volume drops.

Diffusion is feasible only for small organisms or those
with highly-flattened bodies, such as many flatworms.

Larger organisms develop things such as gills or lungs.

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8
Q

Lung volume measures

A

the amount of air for one function (such as inhalation or exhalation).

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9
Q

Lung capacity measures

A

any two or more volumes (for example, how much can be inhaled from the end of a maximal exhalation).

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10
Q

Air enters the respiratory system through

A

-entering the nasal cavity and pharynx

-then passing through the larynx to the trachea

-into the bronchi which divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi and then into bronchioles

-then into the lungs.

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11
Q

The trachea and bronchi are
made of

A

incomplete rings of cartilage and smooth muscle

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12
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

subdivide into respiratory bronchioles which subdivide into alveolar ducts which are surrounded by the alveolar sacs with alveoli

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13
Q

Each alveolar sac contains 20 to 30

A

spherical alveoli

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14
Q

Air first flows

A

into the atrium of the alveolar sac, then circulates into alveoli where gas exchange occurs with the capillaries because the walls of the alveoli are so thin that O2 and CO2 can pass through the walls.

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15
Q

Cilia on the bronchi and bronchioles help move

A

mucus and other particles out of the lungs

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16
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air inhaled in a single, normal breath

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17
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

The amount of air taken in during a deep breath

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18
Q

Residual volume

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after forceful respiration

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19
Q

Pleura

A

A tissue layer that surrounds the lung and interior of the thoracic cavity

20
Q

What are the units for blood pressure?

A

mmHg

21
Q

Does arterial or venous blood have a great O2 pressure?

A

Arterial

22
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

In a closed space, pressure and volume are inversely related

23
Q

FEV1

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second after taking a deep breath

24
Q

FVC

A

the total amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

25
Q

In restrictive lung disease…

A

FVC is reduced but airways are not obstructed, so the person is able to expel air reasonably fast and FEV1 is higher.

26
Q

In obstructive lung disease…

A

Airway obstruction results in slow exhalation as well as reduced FVC.

Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio is lower in persons with obstructive lung disease (less than 69 percent) than in persons with restrictive disease (88 to 90 percent).

27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Hemoglobin is made up of four symmetrical subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta) and four heme groups.

Iron associated with the heme binds oxygen. It is the iron in
hemoglobin that gives blood its red color.

28
Q

The oxygen dissociation curve demonstrates that

A

as the partial pressure of oxygen increases, more oxygen binds hemoglobin.

29
Q

A higher Hb-O2 affinity (shown by a left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve) could be caused by what factors?

A

-lower CO2

-higher pH

-lower temperature

30
Q

Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q)

A

V=Q

Ideally, the oxygen provided via ventilation would be just enough to saturate the blood fully.

31
Q

Emphysema

A

there is a V/Q mismatch causing difficulty in lung function

32
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

-Reduction in airflow due to airway obstruction

-Air will remain inside the lung after full expiration

-Spirometry will reveal a lower FEV1/FVC ratio

1) COPD
2) Asthma
3) Bronchiectasis
4) Cystic fibrosis

33
Q

Restrictive disorders

A

-Reduction in lung volume and difficulty in taking in air due to decreased expansion of the lung

-Stiffness in lung tissue or chest wall cavity

-Spirometry will reveal reduced total lung capacity and vital Capacity Q

Chest wall disorder:
1) Polio
2) Obesity
3) Kyphoscoliosis

Interstitial/Infiltrative disease
1) ARDS
2) Pulmonary fibrosis
3) Pneumoconiosis
4) Sarcoidosis
5) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

34
Q

What condition arises due to prolonged exposure to high altitude?

A

Hypoxia (less than normal oxygenation)

Not enough oxygen=no oxidative phosphorylation=no ATP=damaged cell function

35
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) formula

A

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (what can be further exhaled) + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume (what can be further inhaled)

36
Q

The change in partial pressure from the alveoli to the capillaries

A

drives the oxygen into the tissues and the carbon dioxide into the blood from the tissues

37
Q

The chest wall expands to increase the volume of the lungs due to the contraction of

A

the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

38
Q

Recruitment

A

The opening of airways that are normally closed when cardiac output increases

39
Q

What are the three ways CO2 can be transported through the blood?

A

-dissolved directly into the blood
-bound to plasma proteins or hemoglobin
-converted into bicarbonate (most common)

40
Q

The inspiratory reserve volume measures

A

amount of air that can be further inhaled after a normal breath

41
Q

If the kidneys fail and stop removing excess H+ ions, what would happen to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

A

excess H+ ions=lower blood pH=lower Hb-O2 affinity

42
Q

What alters the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs?

A

Air in the lungs is humidified and the water pressure must be subtracted from atm

43
Q

How would paralysis of the diaphragm alter inspiration?

A

It would prevent inhalation because the pleural pressure would not change due to no change in lung volume.

44
Q

Restrictive airway diseases

A

decrease the compliance of the lung

45
Q

Alveolar ventilation (how much air moves through alveoli) remains constant when

A

the respiratory rate increases while volume of air per breath decreases or vice versa

Toby Exam (8 decks)

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