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Toby Exam > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Myocardium

A

The thick muscle layer that the heart is primarily made of. It is surrounded by membranes. One-way valves separate the four chambers.

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2
Q

What is the role of the blood vessels of the coronary system?

A

Keep the heart musculature oxygenated

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3
Q

Blood pressure vs velocity

A

Blood pressure is related to the blood velocity in the arteries and arterioles.

In the capillaries and veins, however, the blood pressure continues to decrease but velocity increases

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4
Q

Systolic number

A

Systolic blood pressure measures the amount of pressure that blood exerts on vessels while the heart is beating.

Top Number

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5
Q

Diastolic number

A

Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the vessels between heartbeats.

Bottom Number

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6
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

The heart pumps blood unidirectionally through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body. Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, like the annelid earthworm have closed circulatory systems.

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7
Q

Open circulatory system

A

A fluid called hemolymph that is a mixture of blood and interstitial fluid empties into a body cavity called the hemocoel. Hemolymph returns to the heart through openings called ostia. Arthropods like this bee and most mollusks have open circulatory systems.

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8
Q

Sponges and jellyfish use ________ for circulation

A

diffusion

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9
Q

Describe the circulatory system of mammals and birds

A

Mammals and birds have the most efficient heart with four chambers that completely separate the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; it pumps only oxygenated blood through the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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10
Q

Describe the circulatory system of fish

A

Fish have have a two chambered heart from which blood flows unidirectionally undergoing gill and systemic circulation.

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11
Q

Describe the circulatory system of amphibians vs reptiles

A

Amphibians use pulmonary circulation. The blood is then pumped from a three-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle.

Reptiles also have two circulatory routes, but blood is only oxygenated through the lungs. The heart is also three chambered.

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12
Q

The iron in hemoglobin is oxidized from _______

A

Fe2+ to Fe3+

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13
Q

Hemocyanin

A

In most mollusks and some arthropods, hemocyanin delivers oxygen. Unlike hemoglobin, hemocyanin is not carried in blood cells, but floats free in the hemolymph. Copper instead of iron binds the oxygen, giving the hemolymph a blue-green color.

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14
Q

Hemerythin

A

In annelids, such as the earthworm, and some other invertebrates, hemerythrin carries oxygen. Like hemoglobin, hemerythrin is carried in blood cells and has iron associated with it, but despite its name, hemerythrin does not contain heme.

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide

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16
Q

White blood cells

A

White blood cells are involved in the immune response.

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17
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Platelets form clots that prevent blood loss after injury.

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18
Q

Granulocytes

A

Granulocytes—including neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils—are characterized by a lobed nucleus and granular inclusions in the cytoplasm. Granulocytes are typically first-responders during injury or infection.

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19
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Lymphocytes, including B and T cells, are responsible for adaptive immune response.

Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, which in turn respond to infection or injury.

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20
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

Platelets are formed from large cells called megakaryocytes. The megakaryocyte breaks up into thousands of fragments that become platelets.

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21
Q

How do platelets help with the clotting of blood?

A

Platelets collect at a wound site in conjunction with other clotting factors, such as fibrinogen, to form a fibrin clot that prevents blood loss and allows the wound to heal.

22
Q

Universal acceptor

A

AB

23
Q

Universal donor

A

O

24
Q

Why can a person with a blood type of O not receive AB blood?

A

Human red blood cells may have either type A or B glycoproteins on their surface, both glycoproteins combined (AB), or neither (O).

The glycoproteins serve as antigens and can elicit an immune response in a person who receives a transfusion containing unfamiliar antigen.

25
Q

List the three circuits of the circulatory system

A

-systemic
-pulmonary
-coronary

26
Q

Cardiac diastole

A

All chambers are relaxed and blood flows into the heart

27
Q

Atrial systole, ventricular diastole

A

The atria contract, pushing blood intro the ventricles

28
Q

Atrial diastole, ventricular systole

A

The ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart

29
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

Striated muscle cells found in cardiac tissue

30
Q

Draw and explain an ECG reading

A

(a) An electrical impulse travels from the sinoatrial node to the walls of the atria, causing them to contract.

(b) The signal is delayed at the atrioventricular node.

(c) It is passed on to the heart apex. The delay allows the atria to relax.

(d) The ventricles contract.

31
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A

Arteries and veins consist of three layers: an outer tunica externa, a middle tunica media, and an inner tunica intima.

32
Q

How many layers do capillaries have?

A

Capillaries consist of a single layer of epithelial cells, the tunica intima.

33
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle that regulate the flow of blood
through capillaries; they help control the location of blood flow to where it is needed.

34
Q

How does fluid from the capillaries move into the interstitial space and lymph capillaries?

A

Diffusion down a pressure gradient and osmosis.

35
Q

Normal adult resting heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

36
Q

Blood pressure levels

A

Normal: Below 120 AND 80

Elevated: 120-129 AND below 80

High stage 1: 130-139 OR 80-89

High stage 2: 140+ OR 90+

Hypertensive crisis: 180+ AND/OR 120+

37
Q

What is the role of circulation within the immune system?

A

The circulatory system ensures that white blood cells and the antibodies they produce also reach all the living cells in the body. This also allows white blood cells to congregate at infection sites to fight off an infection more effectively.

38
Q

True or False?

Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated.

A

False

The pulmonary veins carry freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

39
Q

True or False?

Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left atrium.

A

False

Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.

40
Q

Why are open circulatory systems advantageous to some animals?

A

They use less metabolic energy

41
Q

Blood flow that is directed through the lungs and back to the heart is called _________

A

Pulmonary circulation

42
Q

In humans, the plasma comprises what percentage of blood?

A

55%

43
Q

The red blood cells of birds differ from mammalian red blood cells because:

A

They have nuclei

44
Q

The heart’s internal pacemaker beats by:

A

The excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the sinoatrial node followed by the atrioventricular node

45
Q

During the systolic phase, the heart is

A

Contracting

46
Q

High blood pressure would be a result of

A

A high cardiac output and high peripheral resistance

47
Q

How do arteries differ from veins?

A

Arteries have thicker smooth muscle layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart. They take blood away from the heart.

Veins have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. They take blood back to the heart.

48
Q

What is the difference in the red blood cells of mammals and birds/reptiles?

A

In mammals, mature red blood cells do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria in order to leave room for more hemoglobin and prevent the use of oxygen for metabolic respiration.

49
Q

Describe the order of blood flow in the heart

A

(a) Superior and inferior vena cava give blood to the (b) Right atrium (c) Which goes through the atrioventricular or tricuspid valve (d) to the right ventricle which pumps blood through the pulmonary arteries through (e) the semilunar valve (f) to the lungs for reoxygenation (e) then to the left atrium (f) through the bicuspid or mitral valve (g) to the left ventricle (h) and then out of the aorta and to the body.

50
Q

Endocardium

A

Lining of the inner wall of the heart

Toby Exam (8 decks)

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