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Toby Exam > Animal Body and Basic Function > Flashcards

Animal Body and Basic Function Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Allows an animal to maintain a balance between its internal and external environments

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2
Q

Weight and metabolic rate _________ correlated

A

inversely

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3
Q

List the four primary animal tissues

A

-epithelial tissue
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

-line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels
throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities (lumens) in many internal organs.

-squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional cells

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5
Q

Squamous cells

A

-Flat, slightly irregular round shape with a central nucleus

-Location: lung alveoli, capillaries stratified, skin, mouth, vagina

-Can be stratified into layers

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6
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

-Cube shaped, central nucleus

-Location: Glands, renal tubes

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7
Q

Columnar cells

A

-Tall, narrow, nucleus toward base tail

-Location: Digestive and respiratory tract pseudostratified

-Goblet cells secret mucus into the digestive tract lumen

-Be able to distinguish between goblet cells and columnar cells

-Best adapted to aid diffusion

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8
Q

Transitional cells

A

-Round, but appear stratified

-Location: Urinary bladder

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9
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Connective tissue otherwise known as body fat made up of cells called adipocytes. Adipocytes have small nuclei localized at the cell edge.

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10
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Red blood cells are the predominant cell type and are
involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

Leukocytes function

A

White blood cells facilitate immune response.

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12
Q

Blood

A

A connective tissue that has a fluid matrix, called plasma, and no fibers.

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13
Q

List the types of muscle in animal bodies

A

-smooth
-skeletal
-cardiac

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14
Q

Smooth muscle

A

-no striations
-single nuclei in center
-involuntary control
-located in visceral organs

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

-striations
-many nuclei at periphery
-voluntary control
-located in skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

-striations
-single nuclei in center
-involuntary control
-located in heart

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17
Q

Describe limits on animal size and shape

A

Drag of water:
-Restrains aquatic animals, they tend to have a fusiform shape to reduce drag.

Exoskeletons:
-Animals must synthesize a new exoskeleton in order to grow which means no growing continually

Diffusion:
-Only effective over a specific difference and limits the size an individual cell can attain

18
Q

Asymmetrical body plan

A

Animals with no pattern or symmetry

Ex: sponge

19
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any plane cut along the longitudinal axis creates equal halves

Ex: some aquatic animals

20
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

A plane cut from front to back separates the animal into right and left sides.

Ex: most land-base and aquatic animals because it enables high mobility

21
Q

How are the energy requirements for endotherms related to body size?

A

Smaller endotherms have a greater surface area for their mass than larger ones. Therefore, they lose heat at a faster rate and require more energy to maintain a constant internal temperature. This results in a higher BMR per body weight.

22
Q

How are energy requirements related to levels of activity?

A

The more active an animal is, the more energy is needed to maintain their activity and the higher its BMR or SMR.

23
Q

How are energy requirements related to the environment?

A

Animals respond to extremes in temperature and food supply with torpor. This is a process that leads to a decrease in activity and metabolism and allows animals to survive adverse conditions. This can occur for long periods such as during hibernation and estivation.

24
Q

Connective tissue

A

Made up of a matrix of living cells and a nonliving substance, called the ground substance made of an organic (i.e. protein) and inorganic (i.e. mineral/water) substance. The principal cell is the fibroblast. The metric gives the tissue its density. Inversely correlated with concentration of cells/fibers.

Ex: blood, adipose, bone (located in vertebrate skeleton), cartilage (ears, invertebrate discs, fetal bones), dense tissue (skin, tendons, ligaments), loose tissue (blood vessels, anchoring epithelia)

25
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Cells specialized to receive and transmit electrical impulses from specific areas of the body to specific locations in the body. The main cell is the neuron. Located in the brain, spinal tissue, and nerves.

Nerve: Neurons and glial cells
Be able to identify:

Dendrites: Specialized in receiving input

Axons: Specialized in transmitting impulses

Astrocytes: Regulated chemical environment of the nerve cell

Oligodendrocytes: Insulate the axon to transfer impulse more efficiently

26
Q

Fibroblast

A

Makes the fibers found in connective tissues. Motile, carries out mitosis, and can synthesize connective tissue needed.

27
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Contains cranial and spinal cavity

28
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

29
Q

What type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature?

A

Endotherm

30
Q

What term describes a desert mouse that lowers its metabolic rate and sleeps during the hot day?

A

Estivation

31
Q

A plane that divides an animal into equal left and right portions

A

Midsagittal

32
Q

A plane that divides an animal into dorsal and ventral portions

A

Transverse

33
Q

The pleural cavity is part of which cavity?

A

Thoracic

34
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Makes bone tissue

35
Q

Osteoclast

A

Breaks down bone

36
Q

The body’s thermostat is located in the

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

True or false: Simple columnar epithelial cells line the tissue of the lung

A

False: They are pseudostratified

38
Q

True or false: Transitional epithelia change in thickness depending on how full the bladder is

A

True

39
Q

Define a negative feedback loop

A

Any homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus, either increasing or decreasing it

40
Q

Define a positive feedback loop

A

-Maintains direction of stimulus

-Far less common in animals

Ex: blood clotting, uterine contractions during childbirth

Toby Exam (8 decks)

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