Respiratory system Flashcards by Reese Englett

Specialized to bring oxygen into body, and expel carbon dioxide

Respiratory system

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Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

Respiration

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Ventilation or breathing; allows gas exchange in lungs

External respiration

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Gas transport in blood and exchange with body cell

Internal respiration

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Process of ATP production in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to harness energy and gives off carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration

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-Nose
*Nasal cavity
*Sinuses
*Pharynx
*Larynx

Upper respiratory tract

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-Trachea
*Bronchial tree
*Lungs

Lower respiratory tract

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provide openings for air to enter and leave nasal cavity (opening are protected by internal hairs)

Nostrils (external nares)

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*Hollow space behind the nose
*Separated into left and right portions by the nasal septum

Nasal cavity

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curl in from lateral walls of cavity

Nasal conchae (turbinate bones)

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Conchae separate nasal cavity into passageways

meatuses

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sense of smell

olfactory receptors

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Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull
*Open into the nasal cavity
*Reduce weight of skull

Sinuses (paranasal sinuses)

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due to infection or allergic reaction, may result in blockage of sinus drainage, causing sinus pressure and headache

Sinusitis

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-Upper (vestibular) folds
*No sound production
*Help close airway during swallowing

False vocal cords

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*Lower folds
*Vocal sounds
*Sound created as air is forced between them, vibrating them

True vocal cords

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True vocal cords + opening between them is called the

Glottis

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-Extends downward anterior to the esophagus
*As it enters thoracic cavity, splits into left and right primary bronchi

Trachea

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20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage Prevent collapse of?

Trachea

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A procedure that cuts an opening in the trachea, to insert a tube for air exchange; done, for example, if an object is lodged in the larynx or trachea

Tracheostomy

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are air passages, transporting air, but not performing gas exchange

Branches of bronchial tree

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provide surface area for gas exchange

Alveoli

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Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
Separated from each other by heart and mediastinum

Lungs
Right lung has 3 lobe
Left lung has 2 lobe

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(Part of lung) Region on medial surface of each lung through which bronchus and large blood vessels enter

Hilum

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Double-layered serous membrane surrounding lungs

Pleura

Inner layer of serous membrane; attached to surface of lung

Visceral pleura

Outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity

Parietal pleura

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura

Pleural cavity

Movement of air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and the alveoli

Breathing (or ventilation)

inspiration (inhalation), and expiration (exhalation)

Air movement

One inspiration + the following expiration

respiratory cycle

Force that moves air into the lungs When respiratory muscles are at rest, atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure are equal

Atmospheric pressure

Pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional

Boyles law

*Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity *Lung expansion is aided by surface tension in the pleural cavity *Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, to help lung expansion

Normal, resting inspiration

-Requires contraction of several other muscles, to enlarge thoracic cavity even more *Pectoralis minors, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes are used

Maximal (forced, deep) inspiration

*Elastic recoil of lung tissues and abdominal organs occurs, as tissues return to their original shape at the end of inspiration *Surface tension develops on the moist surfaces of the alveolar linings shrinks alveoli

Normal resting expiration

that does not involve muscle contraction

Passive process

-Due to contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles *Increased abdominal pressure forces diaphragm into a higher position, which pushes more air out of lungs

Maximal (forced, deep) expiration

Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle

Tidal volume (TV) 500 mL

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration

Inspiratory reserve volume (lRV) 3,000 mL

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1,100 mL

Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort

Residual volume (RV) 1,200 mL

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible: VC = T V + I R V + E R V

Vital capacity (VC) 4,600 mL

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume: I C = T V + l R V

Inspiratory capacity (IC) 3,500 mL

Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume: F R C = E R V

Functional residual capacity (FRC) 2,300 mL

Total volume of the air that the lungs can hold: TLC= VC+RV

Total lung capacity (TCL) 5,800 mL

Some air entering respiratory tract during breathing does not reach functional alveoli; these are called

Dead Spaces

Air in respiratory tract that remains in conduction structures, and does not reach alveoli

Anatomic dead space

Air in respiratory tract that reaches nonfunctional alveoli, such as alveoli associated with capillaries with poor blood flow; this occurs occasionally

Alveolar dead space

Total of anatomical and alveolar dead space

Physiologic dead space

-Air movements other than breathing are called nonrespiratory movements *Some clear the air passages, as in coughing and sneezing *Some express emotions, as in laughing and crying *Usually result from reflexes, but sometimes they can be started voluntarily

Nonrespiratory movements

Deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis is opened, and a blast of air passes upward Clears lower respiratory passages

Coughing

Same as coughing, except air moving upward is directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula Clears upper respiratory passages

Sneezing

Deep breath is released in a series of short expirations Expresses happiness

Laughing

Deep breath is released in a series of short expirations Expresses sadness

Crying

Diaphragm contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed Useful function unknown

Hiccuping

Deep breath is taken Some hypotheses, but no established function

Yawning

Air is forced through the larynx, causing vocal cords to vibrate; actions of lips, tongue, and soft palate form words Supports vocal communication

Speech

*Groups of neurons in the brainstem that control breathing *Initiate impulses that travel on cranial and spinal nerves, causing inspiration and expiration *Adjust rate and depth of breathing

Respiratory Areas

Medullary respiratory center contains 2 groups of neurons

Ventral respiratory group: Sets basic rhythm of breathing *Dorsal respiratory group: Modifies activity of ventral group

groups help set rhythm of breathing by limiting duration of each inspiration

Pontine respiratory

-Amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure *Proportional to its concentration

Partial pressure

Main controlling factors (Of breathing)

are usually the Pco2 and H+ ion concentration

In ventral part of medulla oblongata *Mainly monitor pH in the brain *Low blood Po2 does not have much effect on them *H+ ions do not cross blood-brain barrier well *CO2 crosses blood-brain barrier, and binds to H2O to produce H2CO3 *H2CO3 dissociates to release these ions are detected by the

central chemoreceptors

*Mainly sense changes in blood Po2 *In carotid and aortic bodies *Decreased Po2 causes an increase in breathing rate and tidal volume, leading to an increase in alveolar ventilation *Usually does not cause a major response, until Po2 decreases to about 50% of normal value

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

*Helps regulate depth of breathing *As lung tissues stretch during inspiration, stretch receptors are stimulated *Sensory impulses travel over vagus nerve to respiratory areas *Duration of inspiratory bursts is then shortened *Prevents overinflation of the lungs during forced breathing

Inflation (Hering-Breuer) Reflex

Tubular organs of the respiratory system transport air into and out of lungs

Alveoli

Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the body cells As the gases enter the blood, they dissolve in the plasma or chemically combine with other substances

Gas transports