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AP 2 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized to bring oxygen into body, and expel carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory system

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2
Q

Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Ventilation or breathing; allows gas exchange in lungs

A

External respiration

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4
Q

Gas transport in blood and exchange with body cell

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Process of ATP production in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to harness energy and gives off carbon dioxide

A

Cellular respiration

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6
Q

-Nose
*Nasal cavity
*Sinuses
*Pharynx
*Larynx

A

Upper respiratory tract

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7
Q

-Trachea
*Bronchial tree
*Lungs

A

Lower respiratory tract

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8
Q

provide openings for air to enter and leave nasal cavity (opening are protected by internal hairs)

A

Nostrils (external nares)

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9
Q

*Hollow space behind the nose
*Separated into left and right portions by the nasal septum

A

Nasal cavity

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10
Q

curl in from lateral walls of cavity

A

Nasal conchae (turbinate bones)

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11
Q

Conchae separate nasal cavity into passageways

A

meatuses

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12
Q

sense of smell

A

olfactory receptors

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13
Q

Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull
*Open into the nasal cavity
*Reduce weight of skull

A

Sinuses (paranasal sinuses)

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14
Q

due to infection or allergic reaction, may result in blockage of sinus drainage, causing sinus pressure and headache

A

Sinusitis

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15
Q

-Upper (vestibular) folds
*No sound production
*Help close airway during swallowing

A

False vocal cords

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16
Q

*Lower folds
*Vocal sounds
*Sound created as air is forced between them, vibrating them

A

True vocal cords

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17
Q

True vocal cords + opening between them is called the

A

Glottis

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18
Q

-Extends downward anterior to the esophagus
*As it enters thoracic cavity, splits into left and right primary bronchi

A

Trachea

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19
Q

20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage Prevent collapse of?

A

Trachea

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20
Q

A procedure that cuts an opening in the trachea, to insert a tube for air exchange; done, for example, if an object is lodged in the larynx or trachea

A

Tracheostomy

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21
Q

are air passages, transporting air, but not performing gas exchange

A

Branches of bronchial tree

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22
Q

provide surface area for gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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23
Q

Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
Separated from each other by heart and mediastinum

A

Lungs
Right lung has 3 lobe
Left lung has 2 lobe

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24
Q

(Part of lung) Region on medial surface of each lung through which bronchus and large blood vessels enter

A

Hilum

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25
Q

Double-layered serous membrane surrounding lungs

A

Pleura

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26
Q

Inner layer of serous membrane; attached to surface of lung

A

Visceral pleura

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27
Q

Outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

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28
Q

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura

A

Pleural cavity

29
Q

Movement of air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and the alveoli

A

Breathing (or ventilation)

30
Q

inspiration (inhalation), and expiration (exhalation)

A

Air movement

31
Q

One inspiration + the following expiration

A

respiratory cycle

32
Q

Force that moves air into the lungs
When respiratory muscles are at rest, atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure are equal

A

Atmospheric pressure

33
Q

Pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional

A

Boyles law

34
Q

*Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity
*Lung expansion is aided by surface tension in the pleural cavity
*Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, to help lung expansion

A

Normal, resting inspiration

35
Q

-Requires contraction of several other muscles, to enlarge thoracic cavity even more
*Pectoralis minors, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes are used

A

Maximal (forced, deep) inspiration

36
Q

*Elastic recoil of lung tissues and abdominal organs occurs, as tissues return to their original shape at the end of inspiration
*Surface tension develops on the moist surfaces of the alveolar linings shrinks alveoli

A

Normal resting expiration

37
Q

that does not involve muscle contraction

A

Passive process

38
Q

-Due to contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
*Increased abdominal pressure forces diaphragm into a higher position, which pushes more air out of lungs

A

Maximal (forced, deep) expiration

39
Q

Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle

A

Tidal volume (TV)
500 mL

40
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (lRV)
3,000 mL

41
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
1,100 mL

42
Q

Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort

A

Residual volume (RV)
1,200 mL

43
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible: VC = T V + I R V + E R V

A

Vital capacity (VC)
4,600 mL

44
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume: I C = T V + l R V

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)
3,500 mL

45
Q

Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume: F R C = E R V

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)
2,300 mL

46
Q

Total volume of the air that the lungs can hold: TLC= VC+RV

A

Total lung capacity (TCL)
5,800 mL

47
Q

Some air entering respiratory tract during breathing does not reach functional alveoli; these are called

A

Dead Spaces

48
Q

Air in respiratory tract that remains in conduction structures, and does not reach alveoli

A

Anatomic dead space

49
Q

Air in respiratory tract that reaches nonfunctional alveoli, such as alveoli associated with capillaries with poor blood flow; this occurs occasionally

A

Alveolar dead space

50
Q

Total of anatomical and alveolar dead space

A

Physiologic dead space

51
Q

-Air movements other than breathing are called nonrespiratory movements
*Some clear the air passages, as in coughing and sneezing
*Some express emotions, as in laughing and crying
*Usually result from reflexes, but sometimes they can be started voluntarily

A

Nonrespiratory movements

52
Q

Deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis is opened, and a blast of air passes upward
Clears lower respiratory passages

A

Coughing

53
Q

Same as coughing, except air moving upward is directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula
Clears upper respiratory passages

A

Sneezing

54
Q

Deep breath is released in a series of short expirations
Expresses happiness

A

Laughing

55
Q

Deep breath is released in a series of short expirations
Expresses sadness

A

Crying

56
Q

Diaphragm contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed
Useful function unknown

A

Hiccuping

57
Q

Deep breath is taken
Some hypotheses, but no established function

A

Yawning

58
Q

Air is forced through the larynx, causing vocal cords to vibrate; actions of lips, tongue, and soft palate form words
Supports vocal communication

A

Speech

59
Q

*Groups of neurons in the brainstem that control breathing
*Initiate impulses that travel on cranial and spinal nerves, causing inspiration and expiration
*Adjust rate and depth of breathing

A

Respiratory Areas

60
Q

Medullary respiratory center contains 2 groups of neurons

A

Ventral respiratory group: Sets basic rhythm of breathing
*Dorsal respiratory group: Modifies activity of ventral group

61
Q

groups help set rhythm of breathing by limiting duration of each inspiration

A

Pontine respiratory

62
Q

-Amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure
*Proportional to its concentration

A

Partial pressure

63
Q

Main controlling factors (Of breathing)

A

are usually the Pco2 and H+ ion concentration

64
Q

In ventral part of medulla oblongata
*Mainly monitor pH in the brain
*Low blood Po2 does not have much effect on them
*H+ ions do not cross blood-brain barrier well
*CO2 crosses blood-brain barrier, and binds to H2O to produce H2CO3
*H2CO3 dissociates to release

these ions are detected by the

A

central chemoreceptors

65
Q

*Mainly sense changes in blood Po2
*In carotid and aortic bodies
*Decreased Po2 causes an increase in breathing rate and tidal volume, leading to an increase in alveolar ventilation
*Usually does not cause a major response, until Po2 decreases to about 50% of normal value

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

66
Q

*Helps regulate depth of breathing
*As lung tissues stretch during inspiration, stretch receptors are stimulated
*Sensory impulses travel over vagus nerve to respiratory areas
*Duration of inspiratory bursts is then shortened
*Prevents overinflation of the lungs during forced breathing

A

Inflation (Hering-Breuer) Reflex

67
Q

Tubular organs of the respiratory system transport air into and out of lungs

A

Alveoli

68
Q

Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the body cells
As the gases enter the blood, they dissolve in the plasma or chemically combine with other substances

A

Gas transports

AP 2 (7 decks)

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