Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones, but does not change chemical composition

A

Mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

uses enzymes to break down food particles, by changing them into simpler chemicals

A

Chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organs of the digestive system carry out mechanical and chemical digestion, as well as ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation

A

Digestive System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

digestive system consists

A

alimentary canal and accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What has the Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal, food passage way

A

Alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Food does not pass through them, Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, empty secretions into alimentary canal

A

Accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innermost layer, mucous membrane, Absorbs dietary nutrients, secretes mucus and enzymes

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Connective tissue layer, Nourishes cells, transports absorbed food molecules

A

Submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscle tissue (smooth muscle); contains circular and longitudinal layers, Moves tube and food materials

A

Muscularis (externa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outermost layer; serous fluid eliminates friction, Visceral peritoneum of organs within abdominal cavity

A

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mixing movements and propelling movements

A

movements of the alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscle in small sections contracts rhythmically, Does not move materials in one direction

A

Mixing movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Moves materials in one direction

A

Propelling movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles down the tract in wavelike motion (propelling movements)

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanical breakdown of solid particles, mixes them with saliva

A

Mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Contain muscles for facial expression and chewing, Have an inner lining of stratified squamous epithelium (moist)

A

Cheeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening, Sensory receptors judge temperature and texture of food, Boundary between skin and mucous membrane inside mouth

A

Lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth, and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

A

Tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three parts of the tongue? Describe them

A

-Lingual frenulum: Connects tongue to floor of mouth
*Papillae: Projections that move food, contain taste buds
*Lingual tonsils: Lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

roof of the oral cavity, anterior portion, the hard palate, and a posterior portion, the soft palate

A

Palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymphatic masses on sides of tongue

A

Palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Masses of lymphatic tissue in posterior wall of pharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hardest structures in the body
20 primary (deciduous)
32 secondary (permanent)

A

Teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Produce a watery fluid, containing a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase

A

Serous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Secrete mucus
Mucus binds food particles and lubricates food while swallowing

A

Mucous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cavity posterior to the mouth
Extends from nasal cavity to esophagus

A

Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Posterior to nasal cavity; air passage; contain openings to auditory tubes

A

Nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Posterior to oral cavity; air and food passage

A

Oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Posterior to larynx; passageway to esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tubular organ that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Receives food from the esophagus
*Mixes food with gastric juice
*Initiates protein digestion
*Has limited absorption
*Moves food into small intestine

A

Stomach

33
Q

Region near opening to esophagus
Contains lower esophageal sphincter (Stomach)

A

Cardia

34
Q

Rounded area that rises above cardia
Temporary food storage, which sometimes contains swallowed air (Stomach)

A

Fundus

35
Q

Main portion
Lies between fundus and pylorus (Stomach)

A

Body

36
Q

Distal portion, closest to small intestine
Funnel-shaped pyloric antrum narrows to become pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter: Circular smooth muscle, controls gastric emptying (Stomach)

A

Pylorus

37
Q

Inactive form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells (Gastric secretion)

A

Pepsinogen

38
Q

(Gastric secretion) Active enzyme that beaks down proteins into polypeptides; forms from pepsinogen in presence of hydrochloric acid

A

Pepsin

39
Q

(Gastric secretion) Fat-splitting enzyme, found in small quantities; action inhibited by low pH

A

Gastric lipase

40
Q

(Gastric secretion) Produced by parietal cells; converts pepsinogen into pepsin

A

Hydrochloric acid

41
Q

(Gastric secretion) Secreted by mucous cells; provides lubrication and protects stomach lining

A

Mucus

42
Q

(Gastric secretion) Produced by parietal cells; required for absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

43
Q

Sympathetic impulses decrease gastric activity
Parasympathetic impulses increase gastric activity; promote release of histamine, which stimulates gastric secretion

A

Neural regulation

44
Q

What makes up Hormonal regulation describe it

A

Somatostatin: Inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion
Gastrin: Increases gastric juice secretion
Cholecystokinin (CCK): Released by small intestine cells when proteins and fat enter the small intestine; decreases gastric motility

45
Q

What causes vomiting?

A

Result of reflex that empties stomach in reverse direction
Causes include certain drugs, toxins from food, overstretching of stomach, body motion changes, motion sickness associated with inner ears, vomiting center in medulla oblongata

46
Q

Contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

Pancreatic juice

47
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

A

Pancreatic amylase

48
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Breaks down triglycerides

A

Pancreatic lipase

49
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Digests proteins; released as inactive trypsinogen, which is activated by enterokinase in small intestine

A

Trypsin

50
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Digest proteins; released as inactive, activated by trypsin

A

Chymotrypsin

51
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Digests proteins; released as inactive, activated by trypsin

A

Carboxypeptidase

52
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Digest nucleic acids

A

Nucleases

53
Q

(component of pancreatic juice) Make pancreatic juice alkaline; buffer stomach acid

A

Bicarbonate ions

54
Q

Largest internal organ
Well-supplied with blood vessels

A

Liver

55
Q

Lobes of the liver

A

-Right lobe: Largest lobe
*Left lobe: Smaller than right lobe
*Quadrate lobe: Minor lobe, near gallbladder
*Caudate lobe: Minor lobe, near inferior vena cava

56
Q

What is the major liver function?

A

Producing glycogen to glucose

57
Q

What is a cause of pancreatic cancer?

A

Gallostones

58
Q

What are components of bile?

A

Water, bile pigments, and bile salts

59
Q

*Produced from cholesterol
*Emulsify fats
*Only bile component that have a digestive function (act as fat emulsifying agents)

A

Bile salts

60
Q

Bilirubin and biliverdin, derived from hemoglobin breakdown
*Cholesterol
*Electrolytes

A

Bile pigment

61
Q

What is the name that causes these symptoms?

*Yellowing of skin, eye sclerae, mucous membranes
*Caused by blockage of bile ducts, diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, or rapid red blood cell destruction

A

Jaundice

62
Q

Found on the inferior surface of the liver
Has the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Gallbladder

63
Q

Excess bile concentration, too much cholesterol secretion by liver, or inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Gallostones

64
Q

What are some functions of bile salt?

A

Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
Break up of large fat globules
Aid digestive enzymes through emulsification

65
Q

Fills most of the abdominal cavity
Completes the digestion of nutrients in chime
Absorbs the products of digestion

A

Small intestine

66
Q

What enzymes are in the membrane of the microvilli?

A

Peptidases: Break down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase: Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

67
Q

Wha absorptions happen in the small intestines?

A

*Emulsified by bile salts
*Digested mainly by enzymes from pancreas and small intestine
*Digested into glycerol and fatty acids
*Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by a process involving several steps; absorbed into blood or lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)

68
Q

Loose complexes of fatty acids and bile salts, from which fatty acids can migrate to microvilli and be absorbed

A

Micelles

69
Q

New triglyceride clusters are encased in protein, form what?

A

chylomicrons

70
Q

At distal end, opens to outside of body through the anus
*Absorbs some water and electrolytes
Stores and forms feces
Little to none digestive function

A

Large intestine

71
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine? Describe them

A

Cecum: Pouch, forms beginning of large intestine
*Appendix is attached to cecum; lymph nodules in appendix function in the immune response
*Colon: Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions
*Contains hepatic (right colic) and splenic (left colic) flexures
*Rectum: Extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal
*Lies next to sacrum
*Anal canal:Last 2.5 to 4 cm of large intestine; opens to outside as anus
*Internal and external anal sphincters guard anus

72
Q

What does the large intestinal wall not have?

A

Does not have villi and plicae circulares

73
Q

Muscle bands create pouches called what in the large intestine wall?

A

Haustra

74
Q

Longitudinal muscle is organized into 3 bands, runs down entire length of the colon

A

taeniae coli

75
Q

What is intestinal gas?

A

Mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide (causes unpleasant odor)

76
Q

What are two movements of the large intestine?

A

*Mass movements: Peristaltic waves, 2 to 3 times/day, which usually follow meals
*Defecation reflex: Eliminates feces from body
*Involves holding deep breath, contracting abdominal muscles
*Feces move into rectum
*Peristaltic waves occur in descending colon
*Relaxes internal anal sphincter, and then external anal sphincter

77
Q

What causes the pungent order of feces?

A

Phenol
Hydrogen sulfide
Indole
Skatole
Ammonia

78
Q

What is feces composed of?

A

Materials not digested or absorbed
mucus
Water 75%
Electrolytes
Bacteria
Bile pigments (color in poop)

AP 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions