Digestive system

Question 1

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb

Answer 1

digestion

Question 2

breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones, but does not change chemical composition

Answer 2

Mechanical digestion

Question 3

uses enzymes to break down food particles, by changing them into simpler chemicals

Answer 3

Chemical digestion

Question 4

Organs of the digestive system carry out mechanical and chemical digestion, as well as ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation

Answer 4

Digestive System

Question 5

digestive system consists

Answer 5

alimentary canal and accessory organs

Question 6

What has the Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal, food passage way

Answer 6

Alimentary canal

Question 7

Food does not pass through them, Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, empty secretions into alimentary canal

Answer 7

Accessory organs

Question 8

Innermost layer, mucous membrane, Absorbs dietary nutrients, secretes mucus and enzymes

Answer 8

Mucosa

Question 9

Connective tissue layer, Nourishes cells, transports absorbed food molecules

Answer 9

Submucosa

Question 10

Muscle tissue (smooth muscle); contains circular and longitudinal layers, Moves tube and food materials

Answer 10

Muscularis (externa)

Question 11

Outermost layer; serous fluid eliminates friction, Visceral peritoneum of organs within abdominal cavity

Answer 11

Serosa

Question 12

Mixing movements and propelling movements

Answer 12

movements of the alimentary canal

Question 13

Muscle in small sections contracts rhythmically, Does not move materials in one direction

Answer 13

Mixing movements

Question 14

Moves materials in one direction

Answer 14

Propelling movements

Question 15

Ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles down the tract in wavelike motion (propelling movements)

Answer 15

Peristalsis

Question 16

Mechanical breakdown of solid particles, mixes them with saliva

Answer 16

Mastication

Question 17

Contain muscles for facial expression and chewing, Have an inner lining of stratified squamous epithelium (moist)

Answer 17

Cheeks

Question 18

Highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening, Sensory receptors judge temperature and texture of food, Boundary between skin and mucous membrane inside mouth

Answer 18

Lips

Question 19

Thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth, and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

Answer 19

Tongue

Question 20

What are the three parts of the tongue? Describe them

Answer 20

-Lingual frenulum: Connects tongue to floor of mouth
*Papillae: Projections that move food, contain taste buds
*Lingual tonsils: Lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue

Question 21

roof of the oral cavity, anterior portion, the hard palate, and a posterior portion, the soft palate

Answer 21

Palate

Question 22

Lymphatic masses on sides of tongue

Answer 22

Palatine tonsils

Question 23

Masses of lymphatic tissue in posterior wall of pharynx

Answer 23

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Question 24

Hardest structures in the body
20 primary (deciduous)
32 secondary (permanent)

Answer 24

Teeth

Question 25

Produce a watery fluid, containing a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase

Answer 25

Serous cells

Question 26

Secrete mucus Mucus binds food particles and lubricates food while swallowing

Answer 26

Mucous cells

Question 27

Cavity posterior to the mouth Extends from nasal cavity to esophagus

Answer 27

Pharynx

Question 28

Posterior to nasal cavity; air passage; contain openings to auditory tubes

Answer 28

Nasopharynx

Question 29

Posterior to oral cavity; air and food passage

Answer 29

Oropharynx

Question 30

Posterior to larynx; passageway to esophagus

Answer 30

Laryngopharynx

Question 31

Tubular organ that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

Answer 31

Esophagus

Question 32

Receives food from the esophagus *Mixes food with gastric juice *Initiates protein digestion *Has limited absorption *Moves food into small intestine

Answer 32

Stomach

Question 33

Region near opening to esophagus Contains lower esophageal sphincter (Stomach)

Answer 33

Cardia

Question 34

Rounded area that rises above cardia Temporary food storage, which sometimes contains swallowed air (Stomach)

Answer 34

Fundus

Question 35

Main portion Lies between fundus and pylorus (Stomach)

Answer 35

Body

Question 36

Distal portion, closest to small intestine Funnel-shaped pyloric antrum narrows to become pyloric canal Pyloric sphincter: Circular smooth muscle, controls gastric emptying (Stomach)

Answer 36

Pylorus

Question 37

Inactive form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells (Gastric secretion)

Answer 37

Pepsinogen

Question 38

(Gastric secretion) Active enzyme that beaks down proteins into polypeptides; forms from pepsinogen in presence of hydrochloric acid

Answer 38

Pepsin

Question 39

(Gastric secretion) Fat-splitting enzyme, found in small quantities; action inhibited by low pH

Answer 39

Gastric lipase

Question 40

(Gastric secretion) Produced by parietal cells; converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Answer 40

Hydrochloric acid

Question 41

(Gastric secretion) Secreted by mucous cells; provides lubrication and protects stomach lining

Answer 41

Mucus

Question 42

(Gastric secretion) Produced by parietal cells; required for absorption of vitamin B12

Answer 42

Intrinsic factor

Question 43

Sympathetic impulses decrease gastric activity Parasympathetic impulses increase gastric activity; promote release of histamine, which stimulates gastric secretion

Answer 43

Neural regulation

Question 44

What makes up Hormonal regulation describe it

Answer 44

Somatostatin: Inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion Gastrin: Increases gastric juice secretion Cholecystokinin (CCK): Released by small intestine cells when proteins and fat enter the small intestine; decreases gastric motility

Question 45

What causes vomiting?

Answer 45

Result of reflex that empties stomach in reverse direction Causes include certain drugs, toxins from food, overstretching of stomach, body motion changes, motion sickness associated with inner ears, vomiting center in medulla oblongata

Question 46

Contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 46

Pancreatic juice

Question 47

(component of pancreatic juice) Splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

Answer 47

Pancreatic amylase

Question 48

(component of pancreatic juice) Breaks down triglycerides

Answer 48

Pancreatic lipase

Question 49

(component of pancreatic juice) Digests proteins; released as inactive trypsinogen, which is activated by enterokinase in small intestine

Answer 49

Trypsin

Question 50

(component of pancreatic juice) Digest proteins; released as inactive, activated by trypsin

Answer 50

Chymotrypsin

Question 51

(component of pancreatic juice) Digests proteins; released as inactive, activated by trypsin

Answer 51

Carboxypeptidase

Question 52

(component of pancreatic juice) Digest nucleic acids

Answer 52

Nucleases

Question 53

(component of pancreatic juice) Make pancreatic juice alkaline; buffer stomach acid

Answer 53

Bicarbonate ions

Question 54

Largest internal organ Well-supplied with blood vessels

Answer 54

Liver

Question 55

Lobes of the liver

Answer 55

-Right lobe: Largest lobe *Left lobe: Smaller than right lobe *Quadrate lobe: Minor lobe, near gallbladder *Caudate lobe: Minor lobe, near inferior vena cava

Question 56

What is the major liver function?

Answer 56

Producing glycogen to glucose

Question 57

What is a cause of pancreatic cancer?

Answer 57

Gallostones

Question 58

What are components of bile?

Answer 58

Water, bile pigments, and bile salts

Question 59

*Produced from cholesterol *Emulsify fats *Only bile component that have a digestive function (act as fat emulsifying agents)

Answer 59

Bile salts

Question 60

Bilirubin and biliverdin, derived from hemoglobin breakdown *Cholesterol *Electrolytes

Answer 60

Bile pigment

Question 61

What is the name that causes these symptoms? *Yellowing of skin, eye sclerae, mucous membranes *Caused by blockage of bile ducts, diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, or rapid red blood cell destruction

Answer 61

Jaundice

Question 62

Found on the inferior surface of the liver Has the hepatopancreatic sphincter

Answer 62

Gallbladder

Question 63

Excess bile concentration, too much cholesterol secretion by liver, or inflammation of the gallbladder

Answer 63

Gallostones

Question 64

What are some functions of bile salt?

Answer 64

Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K Break up of large fat globules Aid digestive enzymes through emulsification

Question 65

Fills most of the abdominal cavity Completes the digestion of nutrients in chime Absorbs the products of digestion

Answer 65

Small intestine

Question 66

What enzymes are in the membrane of the microvilli?

Answer 66

Peptidases: Break down peptides into amino acids Sucrase, maltase, lactase: Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 67

Wha absorptions happen in the small intestines?

Answer 67

*Emulsified by bile salts *Digested mainly by enzymes from pancreas and small intestine *Digested into glycerol and fatty acids *Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by a process involving several steps; absorbed into blood or lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)

Question 68

Loose complexes of fatty acids and bile salts, from which fatty acids can migrate to microvilli and be absorbed

Answer 68

Micelles

Question 69

New triglyceride clusters are encased in protein, form what?

Answer 69

chylomicrons

Question 70

At distal end, opens to outside of body through the anus *Absorbs some water and electrolytes Stores and forms feces Little to none digestive function

Answer 70

Large intestine

Question 71

What are the parts of the large intestine? Describe them

Answer 71

Cecum: Pouch, forms beginning of large intestine *Appendix is attached to cecum; lymph nodules in appendix function in the immune response *Colon: Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions *Contains hepatic (right colic) and splenic (left colic) flexures *Rectum: Extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal *Lies next to sacrum *Anal canal:Last 2.5 to 4 cm of large intestine; opens to outside as anus *Internal and external anal sphincters guard anus

Question 72

What does the large intestinal wall not have?

Answer 72

Does not have villi and plicae circulares

Question 73

Muscle bands create pouches called what in the large intestine wall?

Answer 73

Haustra

Question 74

Longitudinal muscle is organized into 3 bands, runs down entire length of the colon

Answer 74

taeniae coli

Question 75

What is intestinal gas?

Answer 75

Mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide (causes unpleasant odor)

Question 76

What are two movements of the large intestine?

Answer 76

*Mass movements: Peristaltic waves, 2 to 3 times/day, which usually follow meals *Defecation reflex: Eliminates feces from body *Involves holding deep breath, contracting abdominal muscles *Feces move into rectum *Peristaltic waves occur in descending colon *Relaxes internal anal sphincter, and then external anal sphincter

Question 77

What causes the pungent order of feces?

Answer 77

Phenol Hydrogen sulfide Indole Skatole Ammonia

Question 78

What is feces composed of?

Answer 78

Materials not digested or absorbed mucus Water 75% Electrolytes Bacteria Bile pigments (color in poop)