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AP 2 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Produce sex cells called sperm

A

Testes (male gonads)

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2
Q

Produce sex cells called ova (oocytes, eggs)

A

Ovaries (female gonads)

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3
Q

Sex cells have 1 set of genetic instructions on 23 chromosomes

A

compared to 2 sets on 46 chromosomes in other body cells

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4
Q

Sex cells are produced by a special type of division called

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

*Involves synapsis: Pairing of homologous chromosomes
*Crossover occurs: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, to produce chromosomes with genetic information from both parents

A

Prophase I

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6
Q
  • Chromosome pairs line up on midline of spindle
  • Alignment is random, with respect to maternal or paternal origin
A

Metaphase I

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7
Q

*Homologous chromosome pairs separate, each replicated member migrating to a different pole
*Each daughter cell receives only 1 replicated member of each chromosome pair; this reduces the chromosome number by half

A

Anaphase I

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8
Q

*Cell divides completely, forming 2 new haploid daughter cells
*Each new cell contains 23 individual chromosomes with 2 chromatids

A

Telophase I

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9
Q

What begins after telophase I

A

Meiosis II

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10
Q

What are the four stages of meiosis II

A

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

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11
Q

*Chromosomes condense and reappear, still replicated

A

Prophase II

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12
Q

Replicated chromosomes attach to spindle fibers along midline

A

Metaphase II

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13
Q

Centromeres separate, and chromatids migrate to opposite poles
*Chromatids are now considered chromosomes

A

Anaphase II

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14
Q

Each of 2 cells produced in Meiosis I divides into 2 daughter cells

A

Telophase II

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15
Q

Primary sex organs (gonads) are the

A

2 testes
-Produce sperm cells, or spermatozoa
*Produce male sex hormones

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16
Q

Secondary (accessory) sex organs

A

*Other internal and external sex organs
*Secrete male sex hormones
*Transport sperm and secretions to outside of body

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17
Q

aids descent through the inguinal canal

A

Gubernaculum (fibrous cord)

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18
Q

contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves

A

spermatic cord

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19
Q

Tough, fibrous capsule enclosing each testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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20
Q

Compartments in testis, separated by connective tissue septa

A

Lobules

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21
Q

*Highly coiled tubules inside lobules
*Lined with a special stratified epithelium containing spermatogenic cells that give rise to sperm cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

*Lie between seminiferous tubules
*Produce and secrete male sex hormones

A

Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

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23
Q

Channels that transport sperm from testis to epididymi

A

Rete testis

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24
Q

Coiled tube on surface of testis, that transports sperm from rete testis to ductus deferens

A

Epididymis

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25
Q

*Nurture and transport sperm cells
*Consist of epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra

A

Male internal accessory organs

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26
Q

*Narrow, tightly coiled tubes at top of each testis
*Connected to ducts in the testis
*Run between testis and ductus (vas) deferens
*Promote maturation of sperm cells
*Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with nonmotile cilia

A

Epididymis (plural is epididymides)

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26
Q

*Narrow, tightly coiled tubes at top of each testis
*Connected to ducts in the testis
*Run between testis and ductus (vas) deferens
*Promote maturation of sperm cells
*Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with nonmotile cilia

A

Epididymis (plural is epididymides)

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27
Q

*Muscular tubes, 45 cm long
*Part of the spermatic cord
*Each extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
*Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Ductus (vas) deferens (plural is ductus deferentia

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28
Q

*Each is attached to a ductus deferens near base of the urinary bladder
*Secrete alkaline fluid, which regulates pH in male and female tracts
*Secrete fructose and prostaglandins
*Contents empty into the ejaculatory duct
*Contributes most of volume of semen

A

Seminal vesicles (glands)

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29
Q

*Surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra
*Lies just inferior to urinary bladder
*The ducts of the gland open into the urethra
*Composed of tubular glands in connective tissue
*Also contains smooth muscle
*Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid
*Secretion enhances sperm motility
*Contributes to volume of semen

A

Prostate gland

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30
Q

Also called Cowper’s glands
*Inferior to the prostate gland
*Secrete mucus-like fluid into urethra
*Fluid released in response to sexual stimulation
*Lubricates end of penis

A

Bulbourethral gland

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31
Q

Fluid transported by urethra to outside of body during ejaculation;
Contains sperm + various secretions of the accessory reproductive glands

A

Semen

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32
Q

Components of semen

A

Contains sperm cells from the testes
*Contains secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
*Slightly alkaline, pH = 7.5
*Contains prostaglandins and nutrients
*Volume is 2 to 5 mL per ejaculation
*Averages 120 million sperm cells per mL of semen
*Sperm begin to swim as they mix with secretions of accessory glands
*Sperm cannot fertilize egg until they go through capacitation in female tract, which weakens acrosome (cap over sperm head)

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33
Q

What are the external male reproductive organs

A

Scrotum and penis

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34
Q

Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue, located behind penis
*Subcutaneous tissue lacks fat

A

Scrotum

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35
Q

Smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue
*Contracts and relaxes in response to temperature changes, to keep testes at optimal temperature for sperm production and survival (about 5oF below body temperature)
*Medial septum divides the scrotum into 2 chambers:
*Each chamber is lined with a serous membrane
*Each chamber houses a testis and epididymis

A

Dartos muscle

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36
Q

Conveys urine and semen through urethra to outside of body
Specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina during sexual intercourse

A

Penis

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37
Q

Body (shaft) contains 3 columns of erectile tissue

A

*2 corpora cavernosa
*1 corpus spongiosum, which surrounds urethra

38
Q

distal enlargement of corpus spongiosum

A

Glans penis

39
Q

is covering of glans penis; removed during circumcision

A

Prepuce

40
Q

During sexual stimulation, parasympathetic nerve impulses release nitric oxide, which dilates arteries of penis
*Pressure of arterial blood compresses veins
*Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues
*Penis swells and elongates

A

Erection

41
Q

Culmination of sexual stimulation
*Pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release
*Accompanied by emission and ejaculation

A

Orgasm

42
Q

is the movement of semen into the urethra

A

Emission

43
Q

is the movement of semen out of the urethra
*Dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses

A

Ejaculation

44
Q

(Part of sperm cell) Nucleus contains 23 chromosomes
*Acrosome: Cap over the nucleus, which contains enzymes that penetrate layers around oocyte during fertilization

A

Head of sperm cell

45
Q

(Part of sperm cell). Contains many mitochondria ,which provide ATP for swimming

A

Mid-piece (body) of sperm cell

46
Q

(Part of sperm cell) Contains many microtubules enclosed in extension of cell membrane
*Lashing movement propels sperm toward egg

A

Tail (flagellum) of sperm cell

47
Q

*Male sex hormones
*Interstitial cells of testes produce most of them, but small amounts are made in the adrenal cortex

A

Androgens

48
Q

most important androgen
*Secretion begins during fetal development and continues until several weeks after birth, after which secretion nearly stops during childhood

A

Testosterone

49
Q

*Androgen derivative of testosterone
*Acts on cells in prostate gland, seminal vesicles, external accessory organs

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

50
Q

Specialized functions of the female reproductive organs

A

*Produce female sex cells (egg cells, or oocytes)
*Transport oocytes to site of fertilization
*Provide favorable environment for developing offspring
*Transport offspring to outside the body
*Produce female sex hormones

51
Q

Primary female sex organs (gonads) are

A

Ovaries

52
Q

Ovary attachments

A

Broad ligament: Largest ligament; holds ovary in place, and is also attached to the uterine tubes and uterus
*Suspensory ligament: Holds the ovary at the upper end
*Ovarian ligament: Rounded, cord-like thickening of the broad ligament; attaches lower end of ovary to uterus

53
Q

Tubular organ that transports ovulated egg cell from ovary to uterus
*End near ovary is funnel-like infundibulum with extensions called fimbriae
Peristaltic contractions help move secondary oocyte down uterine tube
*Fertilization occurs in uterine tube

A

Uterine tubes (fallopian tube)

54
Q

Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ
Receives the embryo and sustains its development

A

Uterus

55
Q

Layers of uterus

A

Endometrium (mucosa)
*Myometrium (muscle layer)
*Perimetrium (serosa)

56
Q

Fibromuscular tube that runs between uterus and outside of body
Conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides a passageway for offspring during birth

A

Vagina

57
Q

Recesses between upper vaginal wall and cervix

A

Fornices

58
Q

Partially enclosed by hymen, a thin layer of connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelium

A

Vaginal orfice

59
Q

Layers of vagina

A

Inner mucosal layer of stratified squamous epithelium
*Middle muscular layer
*Outer fibrous layer

60
Q

*Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
*Enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs
*Merge to form a rounded elevation over symphysis pubis, mons pubis

A

Labia majora

61
Q

*Flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora
*Well supplied with blood vessels
*At anterior end, they form a hood-like covering around clitoris

A

Labia minora

62
Q

*Small projection between labia minora, at anterior end of vulva
*Corresponds to male penis; composed of 2 columns of erectile tissue

A

clitoris

63
Q

*Space between labia minora; encloses the vaginal and urethral openings
*Vestibular glands secrete mucus into vestibule during sexual stimulation

A

vestibule

64
Q

Erectile tissues in clitoris and around vaginal entrance respond to sexual stimulation
*Nitric oxide dilates arteries in erectile tissue, expanding vagina

A

Erection

65
Q

Sexual stimulation causes vestibular glands to secrete mucus into vestibule
*Mucus lubricates vestibule and vagina, to aid in intercourse

A

Lubrication

66
Q

Clitoris responds to sexual stimulation
*Sexual stimulation ends with orgasm, pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release
*Muscles of perineum, uterus, and uterine tubes contract rhythmically, which helps transport sperm toward uterine tubes

A

Orgasm

67
Q

Process of maturation of an oocyte
*Beginning at puberty, some primary oocytes continue meiosis (Meiosis I), resulting in cells having half as many chromosomes as in parent cells

A

Oogenises

68
Q

is a future ovum (egg cell), which may be fertilized by a sperm in the future

A

Secondary oocyte

69
Q

resulting in a tiny second polar body and a zygote (fertilized egg)

A

Secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II if it is fertilized

70
Q

allow for the formation of an egg cell with large amounts of cytoplasm and organelles, and a haploid number of chromosomes

A

Polar bodies

71
Q

releases the secondary oocyte and first polar body from mature antral follicle

A

Ovulation

72
Q

triggered by surge of LH released from anterior pituitary gland

A

Ovulation

73
Q

Secreted by ovaries, adrenal cortices, and the placenta (during pregnancy)

A

Estrogens and Progesterone

74
Q

Stimulate enlargement of accessory reproductive organs
*Stimulate thickening of the endometrium
*Develop and maintain female secondary sex characteristics:
*Breast and mammary gland duct development
*Increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, buttocks
*Increased vascularization of skin

A

Estrogens

75
Q

Stimulates uterine changes during menstrual cycle
*Affects mammary glands
*Regulates secretion of gonadotropins

A

Progesterone

76
Q

Secreted by adrenal cortex
*Cause growth of pubic and axillary hair at puberty

A

Androgens

77
Q

Characterized by regular, recurring changes in the endometrium of the uterus, which culminates in menstrual bleeding (menses)

A

Menstraul cycle

78
Q

1st reproductive cycle

A

Menarche

79
Q

The stopping of the menstrual cycles for 1 year
*Usually occurs in the late 40s or the early 50s
*Ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone as they did previously
*Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear
*Increased loss of bone matrix (osteoporosis) may occur
*50% of women experience hot flashes
*Migraine headaches, backaches, and fatigue occur in some women

A

Menopause

80
Q

Accessory organs of the female reproductive system
*Specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy, to nourish baby

A

Mammary glands

81
Q

Voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced and the time they are conceived

A

Birth control

82
Q

Practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract
*Not very effective, since sperm can leave urethra before ejaculation

A

Coitus interruptus

83
Q

Requires abstinence from sexual intercourse 2 days before and 1 day after ovulation;
*Not very effective, since it is difficult to predict the exact time of ovulation

A

Rhythm method

84
Q

Prevent sperm from entering female tract during sexual intercourse
*Examples: Male and female condoms

A

Mechanical barriers

85
Q

Spermicides in form of creams, foams, and jellies
*Most effective when used with a mechanical barrier

A

Chemical barriers

86
Q

Deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy
*Contain synthetic chemicals that function like estrogen and progesterone
*Disrupt normal FSH and LH secretion, which prevents follicle maturation and ovulation
*Also thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm passage
*Various methods are used to deliver hormones

A

Combined Hormone Contraceptives

87
Q

An intramuscular injection of medroxyprogesterone acetate protects against pregnancy for 3 months
*Prevents maturation and release of a secondary oocyte

A

Other Hormone Contraceptives

88
Q

Small, solid object implanted in uterine cavity
*Causes inflammation that is toxic to sperm and oocytes; prevents pregnancy

A

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

89
Q

Morning-after pill can be taken 3 to 5 days after intercourse
*Works by temporarily stopping ovulation
*Prevents pregnancy, but does not work if ovulation have already occurred

A

Emergency contraceptive

90
Q

Surgical procedures that permanently prevent pregnancy

A

Sterilization

91
Q

Removal of a small section of ductus deferens, and cut ends are tied
*Prevents sperm from leaving epididymis

A

Vasectomy

92
Q

Uterine tubes are cut, and ends are tied
*Prevents sperm from reaching oocyte

A

Tubal ligation

93
Q

Burning sensation during urination
* Pain in the lower abdomen
* Fever or swollen glands in the neck
* Discharge from the vagina or the penis
* Pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or the anal area
* Sores, blisters, bumps, or rashes
* Itchy, runny eyes

A

Symptoms of STI

AP 2 (7 decks)

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