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Medical Terminology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus (air sac)

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2
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus (airway)

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3
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus (airway)

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4
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole (little airway)

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5
Q

capn/o

A

carbon dioxide

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6
Q

carb/o

A

carbon dioxide

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7
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx (voice box)

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8
Q

lob/o

A

lobe (a portion)

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9
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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10
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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11
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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12
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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13
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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14
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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15
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm (also mind)

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16
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura (lining of lungs)

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17
Q

pneum/o

A

air or lung

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18
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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19
Q

pneumon/o

A

air or lung

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20
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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21
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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22
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus (cavity)

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23
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

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24
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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25
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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26
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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27
Q

trache/o

A

trachea (windpipe)

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28
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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29
Q

nose

A

structure that, warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell

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30
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the naval cavity

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31
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate

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32
Q

hard palate

A

bony anterior (front) portion of the palate

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33
Q

soft palate

A

muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate

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34
Q

pharynx

A

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx

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35
Q

nasopharynx

A

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

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36
Q

oropharynx

A

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

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37
Q

laryngopharynx

A

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

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38
Q

tonsils

A

oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils

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39
Q

adenoid

A

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil

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40
Q

uvula

A

small projection hanging from the posterior middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape like structure

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41
Q

larynx

A

voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains vocal cords

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42
Q

glottis

A

opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

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43
Q

epiglottis

A

a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

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44
Q

carina

A

cartilaginous ridge at the point where the trachea divides into the two (left and right) bronchi

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45
Q

trachea

A

windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carnia, where it splits into the right and left bronchi in the lungs

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46
Q

bronchial tree

A

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

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47
Q

trachea

A

windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi in the lungs

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48
Q

right bronchus and left bronchus

A

two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

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49
Q

bronchioles

A

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

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50
Q

alveoli

A

thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

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51
Q

lungs

A

two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for breathing

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52
Q

lobes

A

subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right

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53
Q

pleura

A

membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

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54
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

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55
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity that moves upward and downward to aid in breathing

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56
Q

mediastinum

A

partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, traches, and thymus gland

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57
Q

mucous membranes

A

thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid

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58
Q

cilia

A

hair-like processes from the surface of the epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus upward

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59
Q

parenchyma

A

functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that preform respiration

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60
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

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61
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

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62
Q

tachypnea

A

fast breathing

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63
Q

hypopnea

A

shallow breathing

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64
Q

hyperpnea

A

deep breathing

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65
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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66
Q

apnea

A

inability to breathe

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67
Q

orthopnea

A

ability to breathe only in an upright position; (orth/o=straight)

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68
Q

Cheyne-stokes respiration

A

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

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69
Q

crackles

A

popping sound heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis; also called rales

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70
Q

rales

A

popping sound heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis; also called crackles

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71
Q

wheezes

A

high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

72
Q

rhonchi

A

added sound with musical pitch during inhaling and exhaling heard on auscultation of the chest caused by air passing through narrowed bronchi or due to mucus buildup; if low-pitched it is called sonorous rhonchus and if high pitched with a whistle or squeaky quality it is called sibilant rhonchus

73
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)

74
Q

caseous necrosis

A

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese like appearance

75
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

76
Q

dysphonia

A

hoarseness (phon/o= voice or sound)

77
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed (epi=upon; stazo=to drip)

78
Q

expectoration

A

coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

79
Q

sputum

A

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

80
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the longs; (ptysis=to spit)

81
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno=smoke; carbo=coal); also called hypercarbia

82
Q

hypercarbia

A

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno=smoke; carbo=coal); also called hypercapnia

83
Q

hyperventilation

A

excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia

84
Q

hypocapnia

A

deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypocarbia

85
Q

hypocarbia

A

deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypocapnia

86
Q

hypoventilation

A

deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia

87
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

88
Q

hypoxia

A

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

89
Q

obstructive lung disorder

A

condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

90
Q

restrictive lung disorder

A

condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

91
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli

92
Q

pulmonary infiltrate

A

density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process

93
Q

rhinorrhea

A

thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)

94
Q

asthma

A

panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough

95
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele=imperfect; -ectasis= expansion or dilation)

96
Q

bronchiectasis

A

abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus

97
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi

98
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi

99
Q

bronchospasm

A

constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle

100
Q

emphysema

A

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpression of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and decreased gas exchange (emphysan= to inflate)

101
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

102
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscus (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue

103
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

104
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)

A

acute respiratory infection involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inflammation; creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct “seal bark” cough; referred to as croup in infants and young children

105
Q

croup

A

acute respiratory infection in infants and young children involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inflammation; creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct “seal bark” cough

106
Q

laryngospasm

A

spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction

107
Q

nasal polyposis

A

presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)

108
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

109
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

110
Q

empyema

A

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity; also called pyothorax

111
Q

pyothorax

A

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity; also called empyema

112
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

113
Q

pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura; also called pleurisy

114
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura; also called pleurisy

115
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) (conio=dust)

116
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals

117
Q

pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis jiroveci organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

118
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

119
Q

pneumohemothorax

A

air and blood in the pleural cavity

120
Q

pneumonitis

A

inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity (allergy) to chemicals or dusts

121
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

122
Q

pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

A

disease caused by the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)

123
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

124
Q

sleep apnea

A

periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring

125
Q

tonsillitis

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

126
Q

upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages and pharynx, marked by sneezing, watery eyes, and profuse secretion of watery mucus; usually associated with the common cold

127
Q

arterial blood gas (ABG)

A

analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gas

128
Q

pH

A

abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity alkalinity

129
Q

PaO2

A

abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood

130
Q

PaCO2

A

abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

131
Q

endoscopy

A

examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes

132
Q

bronchoscopy

A

use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

133
Q

nasopharyngoscopy

A

use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers

134
Q

examination methods

A

techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system

135
Q

auscultation

A

to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds

136
Q

percussion

A

a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest

137
Q

lung biopsy (Bx)

A

removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination

138
Q

lung scan

A

a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (breathing) or perfusion (blood flow) made after radioactive material is injected in the patients’ blood, and as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparison of the two scans indicates weather an abnormality exists in the airways or pulmonary circulation; also called ventilation-perfusion scan

139
Q

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

A

a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (breathing) or perfusion (blood flow) made after radioactive material is injected in the patients’ blood, and as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparison of the two scans indicates weather an abnormality exists in the airways or pulmonary circulation; also called lung scan

140
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions

141
Q

polysomnography (PSG)

A

recording of various aspects of sleep (ex. eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o=sleep)

142
Q

pulmonary function testing (PFT)

A

direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities

143
Q

spirometry

A

direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

144
Q

tidal volume (TV or Vt)

A

amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

145
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

amount of air exhaled after a maximum inspiration

146
Q

peak flow (PF)

A

measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration; also called peak expiratory flow rate

147
Q

peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A

measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration; also called peak flow

148
Q

pulse oximetry

A

noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia

149
Q

radiology

A

x-ray imaging

150
Q

chest x-ray (CXR)

A

x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph:
PA = from back to front
AP = from front to back
lateral = toward the side

151
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses

152
Q

pulmonary angiography

A

x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast dye

153
Q

adenoidectomy

A

an operation to remove adenoid tissue from the nasopharynx

154
Q

lobectomy

A

removal of a lobe of a lung

155
Q

nasal polypectomy

A

removal of a nasal polyp

156
Q

thoracentesis

A

puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)

157
Q

thoracoplasty

A

repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

158
Q

thoracoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope (endoscope for viewing intrathoracic structures)

159
Q

thoracostomy

A

surgical opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube

160
Q

thoracotomy

A

incision into the chest

161
Q

tonsillectomy

A

removal of the tonsils

162
Q

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T and A)

A

removal of the tonsils and adenoid tissue

163
Q

tracheotomy

A

incision into the trachea

164
Q

tracheostomy

A

an operation to make an opening into the trachea, usually to insert a tube

165
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital organs when breathing and the heart have stopped

166
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy

A

use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea

167
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (ex. oxygen, anesthetics, or air)

168
Q

incentive spirometry

A

a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications

169
Q

mechanical ventilation

A

mechanical breathing using a ventilator

170
Q

antibiotic

A

a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

171
Q

anticoagulant

A

a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (ex. heparin)

172
Q

antihistamine

A

a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine

173
Q

histamine

A

a chemical in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions and injury causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels

174
Q

bronchodilator

A

a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

175
Q

expectorant

A

a drug that increases bronchial secretions and promotes coughing them out

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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