respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
alveol/o
A
alveolus (air sac)
2
Q
bronch/o
A
bronchus (airway)
3
Q
bronchi/o
A
bronchus (airway)
4
Q
bronchiol/o
A
bronchiole (little airway)
5
Q
capn/o
A
carbon dioxide
6
Q
carb/o
A
carbon dioxide
7
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx (voice box)
8
Q
lob/o
A
lobe (a portion)
9
Q
nas/o
A
nose
10
Q
or/o
A
mouth
11
Q
ox/o
A
oxygen
12
Q
palat/o
A
palate
13
Q
pector/o
A
chest
14
Q
pharyng/o
A
pharynx (throat)
15
Q
phren/o
A
diaphragm (also mind)
16
Q
pleur/o
A
pleura (lining of lungs)
17
Q
pneum/o
A
air or lung
18
Q
-pnea
A
breathing
19
Q
pneumon/o
A
air or lung
20
Q
pulmon/o
A
lung
21
Q
rhin/o
A
nose
22
Q
sinus/o
A
sinus (cavity)
23
Q
spir/o
A
breathing
24
Q
steth/o
A
chest
25
thorac/o
chest
26
tonsill/o
tonsil
27
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
28
uvul/o
uvula
29
nose
structure that, warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
30
paranasal sinuses
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the naval cavity
31
palate
roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
32
hard palate
bony anterior (front) portion of the palate
33
soft palate
muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate
34
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx
35
nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
36
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
37
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
38
tonsils
oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
39
adenoid
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
40
uvula
small projection hanging from the posterior middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape like structure
41
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains vocal cords
42
glottis
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
43
epiglottis
a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
44
carina
cartilaginous ridge at the point where the trachea divides into the two (left and right) bronchi
45
trachea
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carnia, where it splits into the right and left bronchi in the lungs
46
bronchial tree
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
47
trachea
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi in the lungs
48
right bronchus and left bronchus
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
49
bronchioles
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
50
alveoli
thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
51
lungs
two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for breathing
52
lobes
subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
53
pleura
membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
54
pleural cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
55
diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity that moves upward and downward to aid in breathing
56
mediastinum
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, traches, and thymus gland
57
mucous membranes
thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
58
cilia
hair-like processes from the surface of the epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus upward
59
parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that preform respiration
60
eupnea
normal breathing
61
bradypnea
slow breathing
62
tachypnea
fast breathing
63
hypopnea
shallow breathing
64
hyperpnea
deep breathing
65
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
66
apnea
inability to breathe
67
orthopnea
ability to breathe only in an upright position; (orth/o=straight)
68
Cheyne-stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
69
crackles
popping sound heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis; also called rales
70
rales
popping sound heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis; also called crackles
71
wheezes
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
72
rhonchi
added sound with musical pitch during inhaling and exhaling heard on auscultation of the chest caused by air passing through narrowed bronchi or due to mucus buildup; if low-pitched it is called sonorous rhonchus and if high pitched with a whistle or squeaky quality it is called sibilant rhonchus
73
stridor
high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
74
caseous necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese like appearance
75
cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
76
dysphonia
hoarseness (phon/o= voice or sound)
77
epistaxis
nosebleed (epi=upon; stazo=to drip)
78
expectoration
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
79
sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
80
hemoptysis
coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the longs; (ptysis=to spit)
81
hypercapnia
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno=smoke; carbo=coal); also called hypercarbia
82
hypercarbia
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno=smoke; carbo=coal); also called hypercapnia
83
hyperventilation
excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
84
hypocapnia
deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypocarbia
85
hypocarbia
deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypocapnia
86
hypoventilation
deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
87
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
88
hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
89
obstructive lung disorder
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
90
restrictive lung disorder
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
91
pulmonary edema
fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
92
pulmonary infiltrate
density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
93
rhinorrhea
thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
94
asthma
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
95
atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele=imperfect; -ectasis= expansion or dilation)
96
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
97
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
98
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
99
bronchospasm
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
100
emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpression of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and decreased gas exchange (emphysan= to inflate)
101
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
102
cystic fibrosis
inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscus (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue
103
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
104
laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
acute respiratory infection involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inflammation; creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough; referred to as croup in infants and young children
105
croup
acute respiratory infection in infants and young children involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inflammation; creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
106
laryngospasm
spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
107
nasal polyposis
presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
108
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
109
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
110
empyema
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity; also called pyothorax
111
pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity; also called empyema
112
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
113
pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura; also called pleurisy
114
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura; also called pleurisy
115
pneumoconiosis
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) (conio=dust)
116
pneumonia
inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
117
pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis jiroveci organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
118
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
119
pneumohemothorax
air and blood in the pleural cavity
120
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity (allergy) to chemicals or dusts
121
pulmonary embolism (PE)
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
122
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
disease caused by the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)
123
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
124
sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
125
tonsillitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
126
upper respiratory infection (URI)
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages and pharynx, marked by sneezing, watery eyes, and profuse secretion of watery mucus; usually associated with the common cold
127
arterial blood gas (ABG)
analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gas
128
pH
abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity alkalinity
129
PaO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood
130
PaCO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
131
endoscopy
examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
132
bronchoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
133
nasopharyngoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
134
examination methods
techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system
135
auscultation
to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
136
percussion
a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest
137
lung biopsy (Bx)
removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
138
lung scan
a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (breathing) or perfusion (blood flow) made after radioactive material is injected in the patients' blood, and as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparison of the two scans indicates weather an abnormality exists in the airways or pulmonary circulation; also called ventilation-perfusion scan
139
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (breathing) or perfusion (blood flow) made after radioactive material is injected in the patients' blood, and as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparison of the two scans indicates weather an abnormality exists in the airways or pulmonary circulation; also called lung scan
140
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
141
polysomnography (PSG)
recording of various aspects of sleep (ex. eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o=sleep)
142
pulmonary function testing (PFT)
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
143
spirometry
direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
144
tidal volume (TV or Vt)
amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
145
vital capacity (VC)
amount of air exhaled after a maximum inspiration
146
peak flow (PF)
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration; also called peak expiratory flow rate
147
peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration; also called peak flow
148
pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
149
radiology
x-ray imaging
150
chest x-ray (CXR)
x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph:
PA = from back to front
AP = from front to back
lateral = toward the side
151
computed tomography (CT)
CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
152
pulmonary angiography
x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast dye
153
adenoidectomy
an operation to remove adenoid tissue from the nasopharynx
154
lobectomy
removal of a lobe of a lung
155
nasal polypectomy
removal of a nasal polyp
156
thoracentesis
puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)
157
thoracoplasty
repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
158
thoracoscopy
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope (endoscope for viewing intrathoracic structures)
159
thoracostomy
surgical opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
160
thoracotomy
incision into the chest
161
tonsillectomy
removal of the tonsils
162
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T and A)
removal of the tonsils and adenoid tissue
163
tracheotomy
incision into the trachea
164
tracheostomy
an operation to make an opening into the trachea, usually to insert a tube
165
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
166
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
167
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (ex. oxygen, anesthetics, or air)
168
incentive spirometry
a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
169
mechanical ventilation
mechanical breathing using a ventilator
170
antibiotic
a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
171
anticoagulant
a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (ex. heparin)
172
antihistamine
a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
173
histamine
a chemical in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions and injury causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels
174
bronchodilator
a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
175
expectorant
a drug that increases bronchial secretions and promotes coughing them out
