cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
angi/o
A
vessel
2
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
3
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
4
Q
ather/o
A
fatty (lipid) paste
5
Q
atri/o
A
atrium
6
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
7
Q
coron/o
A
circle or crown
8
Q
my/o
A
muscle
9
Q
pector/o
A
chest
10
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
11
Q
sphygm/o
A
pulse
12
Q
steth/o
A
chest
13
Q
thromb/o
A
clot
14
Q
varic/o
A
swollen/twisted vein
15
Q
vas/o
A
vessel
16
Q
vascul/o
A
vessel
17
Q
ven/o
A
vein
18
Q
ventricul/o
A
ventricle (belly or pouch)
19
Q
atrium
A
upper right or left chamber of the heart
20
Q
endocardium
A
membrane lining the cavities of the heart
21
Q
epicardium
A
membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
22
Q
interatrial septum
A
partition between the right and the left atria
23
Q
interventricular septum
A
partition between the right and left ventricles
24
Q
myocardium
A
heart muscle
25
pericardium
protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers of fluid in between
26
visceral pericardium
layer of pericardial sac closest to the heart (visceral=pertaining to organ)
27
parietal pericardium
outer layer (parietal= pertaining to wall)
28
pericardial cavity
fluid filled cavity between the pericardial layers
29
ventricle
lower right and left chamber of the heart
30
heart valves
structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
31
aortic valve
heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
32
mitral valve
heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis=point); also called bicuspid valve
33
bicuspid valve
heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis=point); also called mitral valve
34
pulmonary valve
heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (luna=moon); also called the pulmonary semilunar valve
35
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
36
valves of the veins
valves located at intervals within the lining or the veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
37
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the arterioles
38
aorta
large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
39
arterioles
small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
40
capillaries
tiny vessels that join arterioles to venules
41
venules
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
42
veins
vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
43
systemic circulation
circulation of blood throughout the body vis arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
44
coronary circulation
circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
45
pulmonary circulation
circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases
46
blood pressure (BP)
measure of the blood within the systematic arteries maintained by the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls; measured with a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) for diagnostic purposes
47
diastole
to expand; period during the cardiac cycle (complete heartbeat) when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
48
systole
to contract; period during the cardiac cycle (complete heartbeat) when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery
49
normotension
normal blood pressure
50
hypotension
low blood pressure
51
hypertension (HTN)
high blood pressure
52
sinoatrial (SA) node
the pacemaker; highly specialized, neurologic tissue embedded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the atrioventricular (AV) node
53
atrioventricular (AV) node
neurologic tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
54
atrioventricular bundle
neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers; also called bundle of His
55
Bundle of His
neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers; also called atrioventricular (AV) bundle
56
Purkinje fibers
fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
57
polarization
resting; resting state of myocardial cell
58
depolarization
change of myocardial cell from polarized (resting) state to state of contraction (de = not; polarization=resting)
59
repolarization
recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state to a resting state (re=again; polarization=resting)
60
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60-100 beats/minute)
61
aneurysm
a widening; a bulging of the wall of an artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness
62
saccular aneurysm
a sac-like bulge on one side of an artery
63
fusiform aneurysm
a spindle-shaped bulge of an artery
64
dissecting aneurysm
a split or tear of the arterial wall
65
constriction
compression of a part that causes narrowing
66
angina pectoris
chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
67
arteriosclerosis
thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls
68
atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries
69
atheromatous plaque
a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by buildup of fat (lipids)
70
claudication
limping; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest: caused by inadequate blood supply
71
diaphoresis
profuse sweating (perspiration)
72
thrombus
a stationary blood clot
73
embolus
ac clot (ex. air, fat, or a foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when if lodges (embolus=a stopper)
74
heart murmur
an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
75
ischemia
decreased blood flow to tissue caused by obstruction or constriction of a vessel; to hold back blood
76
occlusion
plugging; an obstruction or a closing off
77
infract
a localized area of necrosis (dead tissue cells) caused by ischemic resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel; to stuff into
78
perfusion deficit
lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, or obstruction
79
palpitation
subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
80
stenosis
condition of narrowing of a part
81
vegetation
an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally resulting from infection; to grow
82
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathologic events leading to myocardial infraction (MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid or minimize damage to heart muscle
83
arrhythmia
any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia
84
dysrhythmia
any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called arrhythmia
85
bradycardia
slow heart rate (less than 60 beats/minute)
86
fibrillation
chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
87
atrial flutter
rapid regular atrial contractions occurring at rates between 250 and 330 beats/minute
88
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node
89
tachycardia
fast heart rate (greater than 100 beats/minute)
90
bacterial endocarditis
a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
91
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart (tampon=a plug)
92
cardiomyopathy
a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused by excessive consumption of alcohol)
93
congenital anomaly of the heart
malformations of the heart that are present at birth (congenital=born with; anomaly=irregularity)
94
atrial septal defect (ASD)
an opening in the septum separating the atria
95
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
96
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus (a vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta) to close after birth (patent=open)
97
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
98
congestive heart failure (CHF)
failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in congestion and edema in lower portions of the body; also called cardiac failure and cardiac insufficiency
99
left ventricular failure
failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in an increased pressure on the pulmonary (lung) circulation causing pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema also called left-sided failure
100
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of the blood flow to the lungs (cor=heart)
101
right ventricle failure
enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of the blood flow to the lungs (cor=heart)
102
coronary artery disease (CAD)
a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arterial wall)
103
hypertension (HTN)
persistently high blood pressure
104
essential hypertension
high blood pressure with no known cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors; also called primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension
105
primary hypertension
high blood pressure with no known cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors; also called esssential hypertension or idiopathic hypertension
106
secondary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
107
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
108
myocardial infraction (MI)
death of myocardial tissue (infraction) caused by ischemic (loss of blood flow) that results from an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea; also called heart attack
109
myocarditis
inflammation of myocardium; most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
110
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
111
rheumatic heart disease
damage to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection)
112
sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death unless fibrillation is initiated immediately
113
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins
114
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
115
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
116
varicose veins
abnormally swollen. twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in legs
117
stethoscope
instrument used to listen for sounds in the body
118
auscultation
physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope (ex. auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds)
119
gallop
abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
120
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, and T which correspond to events of the cardiac cycle (a complete round of heart contraction, relaxation, and the intervals in between)
121
stress electrocardiogram (stress ECG or EKG)
electrocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or bicycle; useful in detecting heart conditions (ex. ischemia or infraction)
122
Holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in detecting periodic abnormalities
123
intracardiac electro-physiologic study (EPS)
invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardia arrythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrythmia
124
intracardiac catheter ablation
use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate electrical pathways
125
magnetic resonance angiograpgy (MRA)
magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
126
nuclear medicine imaging
radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after the administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and to analyze functions
127
myocardial radionuclide
scan of the heart after an intravenous (IV) injection of an isotope (ex. thallium) as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD)
128
myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan
nuclear perfusion scan of the heart that is made before and after the induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill or bicycle) or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate
129
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactive isotopes are injected into the bloodstream and traced through the heart's chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping function of the ventricles
130
positron-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart
use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress
131
radiology
x-ray imaging
132
angiography
x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of a contrast dye, most commonly after catheter placement
133
angiogram
record obtained by angiography
134
coronary angiogram
x-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast
135
arteriogram
x-ray image of a particular artery
136
aortogram
x-ray image of the aorta
137
venogram
x-ray image of a vein
138
cardiac catheterization
introduction of a flexible, narrow tube through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast dye for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film (motion picture) imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries; often includes interventional procedures such as angioplasty and atherectomy
139
left heart catheterization
x-ray imaging of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
140
right heart catheterization
measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
141
ventriculogram
x-ray image of the ventricles
142
stroke volume (SV)
measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction
143
cardiac output (CO)
measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart
144
ejection fraction
measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular blood ejected with each contraction
145
computed tomographic angiography (CTA)
specialized, noninvasive, 3-D, computed tomographic scan of the heart and circulation of the "greater" blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary veins; preformed with or without contrast
146
sonography
sonographic imaging; using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal structures
147
echocardiography (echo)
recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
148
stress echocardiogram (stress echo)
echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill or bicycle) or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate; useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia or infraction
149
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
echocardiogram of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
150
Doppler sonography
ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the patency (openness) and luminal (central cavity within a vessel) diameter; used to check for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), carotid insufficiency, or determine blood flow through structures
151
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body (ex. length of saphenous vein from the leg or mammary artery from the chest wall) to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the traditional method includes temporary rest of the heart with circulation (bypass) of the patients' blood through a heart-lung machine during the procedure; an alternative, off-pump approach uses a stabilizer to perform the procedure on a beating heart
152
anastomosis
the joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other; opening
153
endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
154
valve replacement
surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial valve; there are two types of artificial valves: tissue valves, most commonly made from animal tissue (like pig or cow), and mechanical valve, made from synthetic material
155
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a defective heart valve
156
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting ("cath lab") instead of the traditional operating room
157
angioscopy
use of flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visualize assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy; also called vascular endoscopy
158
vascular endoscopy
use of flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visualize assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy; also called angioscopy
159
atherectomy
excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
160
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes the placement of a stent
161
intravascular stent placement
implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency (openness); most often used to treat a stenosis or dissection (a split or tear in the wall of a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
162
defibrillation
termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly, this is done by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall, but it can also be performed internal, such as open-heart surgery or via an implanted device
163
defibrillator
device that delivers electrical stimulus in defibrillation
164
cardioversion
restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
165
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
an implanted, battery operated device with rate sensing leads; the device measures cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
166
pacemaker
a device used to treat slow hert rates (bradycardia0 by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often it is implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but it can also be placed on a temporary basis externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
167
antianginal
drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
168
antiarrhythmic
drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
169
anticoagulant
drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
170
antihypertensive
drug that lowers blood pressure
171
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the Greek small letter beta is commonly used in the names of these agents; also called beta-blockers
172
beta blockers
agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the Greek small letter beta is commonly used in the names of these agents; also called beta-adrenergic blocking agents
173
calcium-channel blockers
agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscles, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
174
cardiotonic
drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF)
175
diuretic
drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
176
hypolipidemic
drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
177
thrombolytic
drug used dissolve thrombi (blood clots)(ex. streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator); used in acute management of myocardial infraction (MI) and ischemic stroke; commonly called "clot busters"
178
vasoconstrictor
drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels; thereby decreasing blood flow
179
vasodilator
drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels; thereby increasing blood flow
