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Medical Terminology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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2
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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3
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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4
Q

ather/o

A

fatty (lipid) paste

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5
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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6
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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7
Q

coron/o

A

circle or crown

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8
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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9
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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10
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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11
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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12
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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13
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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14
Q

varic/o

A

swollen/twisted vein

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15
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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16
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

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17
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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18
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (belly or pouch)

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19
Q

atrium

A

upper right or left chamber of the heart

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20
Q

endocardium

A

membrane lining the cavities of the heart

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21
Q

epicardium

A

membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

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22
Q

interatrial septum

A

partition between the right and the left atria

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23
Q

interventricular septum

A

partition between the right and left ventricles

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24
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle

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25
Q

pericardium

A

protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers of fluid in between

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26
Q

visceral pericardium

A

layer of pericardial sac closest to the heart (visceral=pertaining to organ)

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27
Q

parietal pericardium

A

outer layer (parietal= pertaining to wall)

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28
Q

pericardial cavity

A

fluid filled cavity between the pericardial layers

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29
Q

ventricle

A

lower right and left chamber of the heart

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30
Q

heart valves

A

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

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31
Q

aortic valve

A

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

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32
Q

mitral valve

A

heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis=point); also called bicuspid valve

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33
Q

bicuspid valve

A

heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis=point); also called mitral valve

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34
Q

pulmonary valve

A

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (luna=moon); also called the pulmonary semilunar valve

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35
Q

tricuspid valve

A

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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36
Q

valves of the veins

A

valves located at intervals within the lining or the veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart

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37
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the arterioles

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38
Q

aorta

A

large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle

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39
Q

arterioles

A

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

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40
Q

capillaries

A

tiny vessels that join arterioles to venules

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41
Q

venules

A

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

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42
Q

veins

A

vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

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43
Q

systemic circulation

A

circulation of blood throughout the body vis arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

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44
Q

coronary circulation

A

circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

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45
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases

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46
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

measure of the blood within the systematic arteries maintained by the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls; measured with a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) for diagnostic purposes

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47
Q

diastole

A

to expand; period during the cardiac cycle (complete heartbeat) when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

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48
Q

systole

A

to contract; period during the cardiac cycle (complete heartbeat) when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery

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49
Q

normotension

A

normal blood pressure

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50
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

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51
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

high blood pressure

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52
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

the pacemaker; highly specialized, neurologic tissue embedded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the atrioventricular (AV) node

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53
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

neurologic tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

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54
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers; also called bundle of His

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55
Q

Bundle of His

A

neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers; also called atrioventricular (AV) bundle

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56
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

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57
Q

polarization

A

resting; resting state of myocardial cell

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58
Q

depolarization

A

change of myocardial cell from polarized (resting) state to state of contraction (de = not; polarization=resting)

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59
Q

repolarization

A

recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state to a resting state (re=again; polarization=resting)

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60
Q

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

A

regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60-100 beats/minute)

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61
Q

aneurysm

A

a widening; a bulging of the wall of an artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness

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62
Q

saccular aneurysm

A

a sac-like bulge on one side of an artery

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63
Q

fusiform aneurysm

A

a spindle-shaped bulge of an artery

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64
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

a split or tear of the arterial wall

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65
Q

constriction

A

compression of a part that causes narrowing

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66
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries

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67
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls

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68
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries

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69
Q

atheromatous plaque

A

a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by buildup of fat (lipids)

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70
Q

claudication

A

limping; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest: caused by inadequate blood supply

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71
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating (perspiration)

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72
Q

thrombus

A

a stationary blood clot

73
Q

embolus

A

ac clot (ex. air, fat, or a foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when if lodges (embolus=a stopper)

74
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

75
Q

ischemia

A

decreased blood flow to tissue caused by obstruction or constriction of a vessel; to hold back blood

76
Q

occlusion

A

plugging; an obstruction or a closing off

77
Q

infract

A

a localized area of necrosis (dead tissue cells) caused by ischemic resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel; to stuff into

78
Q

perfusion deficit

A

lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, or obstruction

79
Q

palpitation

A

subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

80
Q

stenosis

A

condition of narrowing of a part

81
Q

vegetation

A

an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally resulting from infection; to grow

82
Q

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathologic events leading to myocardial infraction (MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid or minimize damage to heart muscle

83
Q

arrhythmia

A

any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia

84
Q

dysrhythmia

A

any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called arrhythmia

85
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (less than 60 beats/minute)

86
Q

fibrillation

A

chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation

87
Q

atrial flutter

A

rapid regular atrial contractions occurring at rates between 250 and 330 beats/minute

88
Q

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A

a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node

89
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate (greater than 100 beats/minute)

90
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves

91
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart (tampon=a plug)

92
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused by excessive consumption of alcohol)

93
Q

congenital anomaly of the heart

A

malformations of the heart that are present at birth (congenital=born with; anomaly=irregularity)

94
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

an opening in the septum separating the atria

95
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body

96
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus (a vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta) to close after birth (patent=open)

97
Q

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

an opening in the septum separating the ventricles

98
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in congestion and edema in lower portions of the body; also called cardiac failure and cardiac insufficiency

99
Q

left ventricular failure

A

failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in an increased pressure on the pulmonary (lung) circulation causing pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema also called left-sided failure

100
Q

cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of the blood flow to the lungs (cor=heart)

101
Q

right ventricle failure

A

enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of the blood flow to the lungs (cor=heart)

102
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arterial wall)

103
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

persistently high blood pressure

104
Q

essential hypertension

A

high blood pressure with no known cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors; also called primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension

105
Q

primary hypertension

A

high blood pressure with no known cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors; also called esssential hypertension or idiopathic hypertension

106
Q

secondary hypertension

A

high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease

107
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

108
Q

myocardial infraction (MI)

A

death of myocardial tissue (infraction) caused by ischemic (loss of blood flow) that results from an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea; also called heart attack

109
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of myocardium; most often caused by viral or bacterial infection

110
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

111
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection)

112
Q

sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

A

the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death unless fibrillation is initiated immediately

113
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins

114
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

115
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

116
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen. twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in legs

117
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument used to listen for sounds in the body

118
Q

auscultation

A

physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope (ex. auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds)

119
Q

gallop

A

abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction

120
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, and T which correspond to events of the cardiac cycle (a complete round of heart contraction, relaxation, and the intervals in between)

121
Q

stress electrocardiogram (stress ECG or EKG)

A

electrocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or bicycle; useful in detecting heart conditions (ex. ischemia or infraction)

122
Q

Holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in detecting periodic abnormalities

123
Q

intracardiac electro-physiologic study (EPS)

A

invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardia arrythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrythmia

124
Q

intracardiac catheter ablation

A

use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate electrical pathways

125
Q

magnetic resonance angiograpgy (MRA)

A

magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology

126
Q

nuclear medicine imaging

A

radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after the administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and to analyze functions

127
Q

myocardial radionuclide

A

scan of the heart after an intravenous (IV) injection of an isotope (ex. thallium) as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD)

128
Q

myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan

A

nuclear perfusion scan of the heart that is made before and after the induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill or bicycle) or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate

129
Q

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactive isotopes are injected into the bloodstream and traced through the heart’s chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping function of the ventricles

130
Q

positron-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart

A

use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress

131
Q

radiology

A

x-ray imaging

132
Q

angiography

A

x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of a contrast dye, most commonly after catheter placement

133
Q

angiogram

A

record obtained by angiography

134
Q

coronary angiogram

A

x-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast

135
Q

arteriogram

A

x-ray image of a particular artery

136
Q

aortogram

A

x-ray image of the aorta

137
Q

venogram

A

x-ray image of a vein

138
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

introduction of a flexible, narrow tube through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast dye for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film (motion picture) imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries; often includes interventional procedures such as angioplasty and atherectomy

139
Q

left heart catheterization

A

x-ray imaging of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries

140
Q

right heart catheterization

A

measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart

141
Q

ventriculogram

A

x-ray image of the ventricles

142
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction

143
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart

144
Q

ejection fraction

A

measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular blood ejected with each contraction

145
Q

computed tomographic angiography (CTA)

A

specialized, noninvasive, 3-D, computed tomographic scan of the heart and circulation of the “greater” blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary veins; preformed with or without contrast

146
Q

sonography

A

sonographic imaging; using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal structures

147
Q

echocardiography (echo)

A

recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion

148
Q

stress echocardiogram (stress echo)

A

echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill or bicycle) or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate; useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia or infraction

149
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

echocardiogram of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus

150
Q

Doppler sonography

A

ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the patency (openness) and luminal (central cavity within a vessel) diameter; used to check for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), carotid insufficiency, or determine blood flow through structures

151
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body (ex. length of saphenous vein from the leg or mammary artery from the chest wall) to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the traditional method includes temporary rest of the heart with circulation (bypass) of the patients’ blood through a heart-lung machine during the procedure; an alternative, off-pump approach uses a stabilizer to perform the procedure on a beating heart

152
Q

anastomosis

A

the joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other; opening

153
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup

154
Q

valve replacement

A

surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial valve; there are two types of artificial valves: tissue valves, most commonly made from animal tissue (like pig or cow), and mechanical valve, made from synthetic material

155
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a defective heart valve

156
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting (“cath lab”) instead of the traditional operating room

157
Q

angioscopy

A

use of flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visualize assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy; also called vascular endoscopy

158
Q

vascular endoscopy

A

use of flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visualize assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy; also called angioscopy

159
Q

atherectomy

A

excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup

160
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes the placement of a stent

161
Q

intravascular stent placement

A

implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency (openness); most often used to treat a stenosis or dissection (a split or tear in the wall of a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty

162
Q

defibrillation

A

termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly, this is done by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall, but it can also be performed internal, such as open-heart surgery or via an implanted device

163
Q

defibrillator

A

device that delivers electrical stimulus in defibrillation

164
Q

cardioversion

A

restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy

165
Q

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

A

an implanted, battery operated device with rate sensing leads; the device measures cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia

166
Q

pacemaker

A

a device used to treat slow hert rates (bradycardia0 by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often it is implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but it can also be placed on a temporary basis externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein

167
Q

antianginal

A

drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris

168
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia

169
Q

anticoagulant

A

drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction

170
Q

antihypertensive

A

drug that lowers blood pressure

171
Q

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

A

agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the Greek small letter beta is commonly used in the names of these agents; also called beta-blockers

172
Q

beta blockers

A

agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the Greek small letter beta is commonly used in the names of these agents; also called beta-adrenergic blocking agents

173
Q

calcium-channel blockers

A

agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscles, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension

174
Q

cardiotonic

A

drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF)

175
Q

diuretic

A

drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension

176
Q

hypolipidemic

A

drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol

177
Q

thrombolytic

A

drug used dissolve thrombi (blood clots)(ex. streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator); used in acute management of myocardial infraction (MI) and ischemic stroke; commonly called “clot busters”

178
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels; thereby decreasing blood flow

179
Q

vasodilator

A

drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels; thereby increasing blood flow

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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