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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked or stiff

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2
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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3
Q

articul/o

A

joint

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4
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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5
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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6
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage (gristle)

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7
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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8
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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9
Q

dactyl/o

A

digit (finger or toe)

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10
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia (a band)

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11
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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12
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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13
Q

kyph/o

A

humped-back

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14
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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15
Q

lord/o

A

bent

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16
Q

lumb/o

A

loin (lower back)

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17
Q

muscul/o

A

muscle

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18
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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19
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow or spinal cord

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20
Q

myos/o

A

muscle

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21
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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22
Q

patell/o

A

knee cap

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23
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis (basin) or hip bone

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24
Q

radi/o

A

radius

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25
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)

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26
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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27
Q

scoli/o

A

twisted

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28
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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29
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breastbone)

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30
Q

ten/o

A

tendon (to stretch)

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31
Q

tend/o

A

tendon (to stretch)

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32
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon (to stretch)

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33
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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34
Q

ton/o

A

tone or tension

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35
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

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36
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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37
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones on the shoulder girdle, pelvis, and libs (arms and legs)

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38
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest (thorax), and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)

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39
Q

bone

A

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton

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40
Q

compact bone

A

tightly solid bone structure that forms the exterior of bones

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41
Q

spongy bone

A

mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity; (also called cancellous bone)

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42
Q

cancellous bone

A

mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity; (also called spongy bone)

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43
Q

long bones

A

elongated bones of the arms and legs

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44
Q

short bones

A

square-shaped bones of the wrists and ankles

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45
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flattened bones of the ribs, shoulder blades (scapulae), pelvis, and skull

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46
Q

irregular bones

A

bones of the vertebrae and face

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47
Q

sesamoid bones

A

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

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48
Q

epiphysis

A

wide ends of a lone bone (physis=growth)

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49
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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50
Q

metaphysis

A

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

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51
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

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52
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

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53
Q

bone marrow

A

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

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54
Q

red bone marrow

A

functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults

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55
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as a storage for lipids (fat tissue) and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

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56
Q

periosteum

A

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

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57
Q

articular cartilage

A

a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate (join)

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58
Q

articulation

A

the point where two bones come together; also called joint

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59
Q

joint

A

the point where two bones come together; also called articulation

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60
Q

bursa

A

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

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61
Q

intervertebral disk

A

a flat plate like structure composed of a fibrous part (annulus fibrosus) that surrounds a central gelatinous mass (nucleus pulposus) between the vertebrae that reduces friction

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62
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disk; surrounds the nucleus pulposus

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63
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

the sort, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of the intervertebral disk

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64
Q

ligament

A

a flexible band of fibrous tissue the connects bone to bone

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65
Q

joint Capsule

A

sac enclosing the articulating ends of bones forming a synovial joint

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66
Q

synovial membrane

A

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

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67
Q

synovial fluid

A

joint-lubricated fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

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68
Q

muscle

A

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

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69
Q

striated muscle

A

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called skeletal muscle

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70
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called striated muscle

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71
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

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72
Q

cardiac muscle

A

muscle of the heart

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73
Q

origin of a muscle

A

muscle end attached to the end of the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

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74
Q

tendon

A

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

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75
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

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76
Q

fascia

A

a band of sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

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77
Q

anatomic position

A

a term of reference that health professionals use when nothing body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointing forward and slightly apart, with arms to the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference

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78
Q

anatomical position

A

a term of reference that health professionals use when nothing body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointing forward and slightly apart, with arms to the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference

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79
Q

body planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces for indicating the location or direction of body parts; reference planes

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80
Q

frontal plane

A

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions; also called coronal plane

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81
Q

coronal plane

A

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions; also called frontal plane

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82
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

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83
Q

transverse plane (horizontal plane)

A

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

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84
Q

anterior

A

front of the body

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85
Q

ventral

A

front of the body

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86
Q

posterior

A

back of the body

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87
Q

dorsal

A

back of the body

88
Q

anterior-posterior (AP)

A

from front to back; as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

89
Q

posterior-anterior (PA)

A

from back to front; as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

90
Q

superior

A

situated above another structure, toward the head

91
Q

cephalic

A

situated above another structure, toward the head

92
Q

inferior

A

situated below another structure, away from the head

93
Q

caudal

A

situated below another structure, away from the head

94
Q

proximal

A

toward the beginning of origin of a structure

95
Q

distal

A

away from the origin or beginning of a structure

96
Q

medial

A

toward the middle (midline)

97
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

98
Q

axis

A

the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

99
Q

erect

A

normal standing position

100
Q

decubitus

A

lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo=to lie down)

101
Q

prone

A

lying face down and flat

102
Q

recumbent

A

lying down

103
Q

supine

A

horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back

104
Q

flexion

A

bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

105
Q

extension

A

straightening at the bone so that the angle between the bone is increased

106
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the body

107
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the body

108
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around an axis

109
Q

eversion

A

turning outward, that is, of a foot

110
Q

inversion

A

turning inward, that is, of a foot

111
Q

pronation

A

turning of the palm of the hand or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward

112
Q

supination

A

turning of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot (plantar surface) upward or forward

113
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending of the foot or the toes upward

114
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

115
Q

range of motion (ROM)

A

total motion possible at a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees

116
Q

goniometer

A

instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio=angle)

117
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

118
Q

atrophy

A

shrinking of muscle size

119
Q

crepitation

A

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or by broken bones

120
Q

crepitus

A

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or by broken bones

121
Q

exostosis

A

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

122
Q

flaccid

A

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

123
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

124
Q

hypotonia

A

reduced muscle tone or tension

125
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

126
Q

myodynia

A

muscle pain

127
Q

ostealgia

A

bone pain

128
Q

osteodynia

A

bone pain

129
Q

rigor

A

stiffness; stiff muscle

130
Q

rigidity

A

stiffness; stiff muscle

131
Q

spasm

A

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

132
Q

spastic

A

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements

133
Q

tetany

A

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction

134
Q

tremor

A

shaking; rhythmic muscular movement

135
Q

ankylosis

A

stiff joint condition

136
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints characterized by swelling, pai, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion (over 100 types of arthritis)

137
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common form of arthritis, especially effecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

138
Q

degenerative arthritis

A

most common form of arthritis, especially effecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

139
Q

degenerative joint disease

A

most common form of arthritis, especially effecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

140
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systematic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity

141
Q

gouty arthritis

A

acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (commonly the big toe) caused by excessive level of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia)

142
Q

bony necrosis

A

bone tissue has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

143
Q

sequestrum

A

bone tissue has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

144
Q

bunion

A

swelling of the joint at the base of the big toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

145
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

146
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of cartilage

147
Q

epiphysitis

A

inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone

148
Q

fracture

A

broken or cracked bone

149
Q

closed/simple fracture

A

broken bone with no open wound

150
Q

open/compound fracture

A

compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound

151
Q

complex fracture

A

displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

152
Q

fracture line

A

line of the break in a broken bone

153
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone is shattered into many small pieces

154
Q

spiral fracture

A

broken bone in which the fracture line is helical, usually resulting from a twisting injury

155
Q

transverse fracture

A

broken bone in which fracture line forms a right angle with longitudinal axis of the bone

156
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

157
Q

herniated disk

A

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

158
Q

myeloma

A

bone marrow tumor

159
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of muscle

160
Q

myoma

A

muscle tumor

161
Q

leiomyoma

A

smooth muscle tumor

162
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle tumor

163
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

skeletal muscle tumor

164
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant skeletal muscle tumor

165
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (Duchenne=most common)

166
Q

osteoma

A

bone tumor

167
Q

osteosarcoma

A

type of malignant bone tumor

168
Q

osteomalacia

A

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency (causes bone deformity in children)

169
Q

rickets

A

osteomalacia causes bone deformity in children

170
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection of bona and bone marrow, causing inflammation

171
Q

osteoporosis

A

decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and fracture more easily

172
Q

spinal curvatures

A

curvatures of the spine or spinal column

173
Q

kyphosis

A

anteriorly concave curvature of the thoracic spine (humped back condition)

174
Q

lordosis

A

anteriorly convex curvature of the lumber spine (sway back condition)

175
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S shaped curve)

176
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping of lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping)

177
Q

sprain

A

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

178
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation (luxation= dislocation)

179
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

180
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

181
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of a muscle both at rest and during contraction (used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders)

182
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a no x ray (nonionizing) technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (used to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders)

183
Q

nuclear medicine imaging/radionuclide organ imaging

A

an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes

184
Q

bone scan

A

a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect tumor or malignancy

185
Q

radiography

A

imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used to visualize extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints

186
Q

arthrogram

A

a radiography of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium

187
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-Dimensional or three-dimensional image

188
Q

computed axial tomography (CAT)

A

a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-Dimensional or three-dimensional image

189
Q

sonography

A

ultrasound imaging: used to image muscles, ligaments, displacements and dislocations or guide a therapeutic intervention

190
Q

amputation

A

partial or complete removal of a limb

191
Q

arthrocentesis

A

puncture for aspiration of a joint

192
Q

arthrodesis

A

binding or fusing of joint surfaces

193
Q

arthroplasty

A

repair or reconstruction of a joint

194
Q

arthroscopy

A

procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within

195
Q

bone grafting

A

transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect

196
Q

bursectomy

A

excision of a bursa

197
Q

myoplasty

A

repair or a muscle

198
Q

open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture

A

internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins

199
Q

osteoplasty

A

repair of bone

200
Q

osteotomy

A

an incision into bone

201
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

spinal fusion

202
Q

tenotomy

A

division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle

203
Q

closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture

A

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing

204
Q

casting

A

use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing

205
Q

splinting

A

use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; less effective than a cast but adjusts to swelling better

206
Q

traction (Tx)

A

application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing

207
Q

closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture

A

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins into the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing

208
Q

orthosis

A

use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bones position or provide limb support

209
Q

physical therapy (PT)

A

treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury

210
Q

prosthesis

A

an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function

211
Q

analgesic

A

a drug that relives pain

212
Q

narcotic

A

a potent analgesic with additive properties

213
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

a drug that reduces inflammation

214
Q

antipyretic

A

a drug that relives fever

215
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

A

a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis (ibuprofen and aspirin)

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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