Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
ankyl/o
A
crooked or stiff
2
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
3
Q
articul/o
A
joint
4
Q
brachi/o
A
arm
5
Q
cervic/o
A
neck
6
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage (gristle)
7
Q
cost/o
A
rib
8
Q
crani/o
A
skull
9
Q
dactyl/o
A
digit (finger or toe)
10
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia (a band)
11
Q
femor/o
A
femur
12
Q
fibr/o
A
fiber
13
Q
kyph/o
A
humped-back
14
Q
lei/o
A
smooth
15
Q
lord/o
A
bent
16
Q
lumb/o
A
loin (lower back)
17
Q
muscul/o
A
muscle
18
Q
my/o
A
muscle
19
Q
myel/o
A
bone marrow or spinal cord
20
Q
myos/o
A
muscle
21
Q
oste/o
A
bone
22
Q
patell/o
A
knee cap
23
Q
pelv/i
A
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
24
Q
radi/o
A
radius
25
rhabd/o
rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)
26
sarc/o
flesh
27
scoli/o
twisted
28
spondyl/o
vertebra
29
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
30
ten/o
tendon (to stretch)
31
tend/o
tendon (to stretch)
32
tendin/o
tendon (to stretch)
33
thorac/o
chest
34
ton/o
tone or tension
35
uln/o
ulna
36
vertebr/o
vertebra
37
appendicular skeleton
bones on the shoulder girdle, pelvis, and libs (arms and legs)
38
axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest (thorax), and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)
39
bone
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
40
compact bone
tightly solid bone structure that forms the exterior of bones
41
spongy bone
mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity; (also called cancellous bone)
42
cancellous bone
mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity; (also called spongy bone)
43
long bones
elongated bones of the arms and legs
44
short bones
square-shaped bones of the wrists and ankles
45
flat bones
thin, flattened bones of the ribs, shoulder blades (scapulae), pelvis, and skull
46
irregular bones
bones of the vertebrae and face
47
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)
48
epiphysis
wide ends of a lone bone (physis=growth)
49
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
50
metaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
51
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
52
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
53
bone marrow
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
54
red bone marrow
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults
55
yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as a storage for lipids (fat tissue) and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
56
periosteum
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
57
articular cartilage
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate (join)
58
articulation
the point where two bones come together; also called joint
59
joint
the point where two bones come together; also called articulation
60
bursa
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
61
intervertebral disk
a flat plate like structure composed of a fibrous part (annulus fibrosus) that surrounds a central gelatinous mass (nucleus pulposus) between the vertebrae that reduces friction
62
annulus fibrosus
ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disk; surrounds the nucleus pulposus
63
nucleus pulposus
the sort, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of the intervertebral disk
64
ligament
a flexible band of fibrous tissue the connects bone to bone
65
joint Capsule
sac enclosing the articulating ends of bones forming a synovial joint
66
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
67
synovial fluid
joint-lubricated fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
68
muscle
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
69
striated muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called skeletal muscle
70
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called striated muscle
71
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
72
cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart
73
origin of a muscle
muscle end attached to the end of the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
74
tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
75
insertion of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
76
fascia
a band of sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
77
anatomic position
a term of reference that health professionals use when nothing body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointing forward and slightly apart, with arms to the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference
78
anatomical position
a term of reference that health professionals use when nothing body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointing forward and slightly apart, with arms to the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference
79
body planes
imaginary flat surfaces for indicating the location or direction of body parts; reference planes
80
frontal plane
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions; also called coronal plane
81
coronal plane
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions; also called frontal plane
82
sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
83
transverse plane (horizontal plane)
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
84
anterior
front of the body
85
ventral
front of the body
86
posterior
back of the body
87
dorsal
back of the body
88
anterior-posterior (AP)
from front to back; as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
89
posterior-anterior (PA)
from back to front; as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
90
superior
situated above another structure, toward the head
91
cephalic
situated above another structure, toward the head
92
inferior
situated below another structure, away from the head
93
caudal
situated below another structure, away from the head
94
proximal
toward the beginning of origin of a structure
95
distal
away from the origin or beginning of a structure
96
medial
toward the middle (midline)
97
lateral
toward the side
98
axis
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
99
erect
normal standing position
100
decubitus
lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo=to lie down)
101
prone
lying face down and flat
102
recumbent
lying down
103
supine
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
104
flexion
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
105
extension
straightening at the bone so that the angle between the bone is increased
106
abduction
movement away from the body
107
adduction
movement toward the body
108
rotation
circular movement around an axis
109
eversion
turning outward, that is, of a foot
110
inversion
turning inward, that is, of a foot
111
pronation
turning of the palm of the hand or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward
112
supination
turning of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot (plantar surface) upward or forward
113
dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
114
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
115
range of motion (ROM)
total motion possible at a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees
116
goniometer
instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio=angle)
117
arthralgia
joint pain
118
atrophy
shrinking of muscle size
119
crepitation
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or by broken bones
120
crepitus
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or by broken bones
121
exostosis
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
122
flaccid
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
123
hypertrophy
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
124
hypotonia
reduced muscle tone or tension
125
myalgia
muscle pain
126
myodynia
muscle pain
127
ostealgia
bone pain
128
osteodynia
bone pain
129
rigor
stiffness; stiff muscle
130
rigidity
stiffness; stiff muscle
131
spasm
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
132
spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements
133
tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
134
tremor
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
135
ankylosis
stiff joint condition
136
arthritis
inflammation of the joints characterized by swelling, pai, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion (over 100 types of arthritis)
137
osteoarthritis
most common form of arthritis, especially effecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
138
degenerative arthritis
most common form of arthritis, especially effecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
139
degenerative joint disease
most common form of arthritis, especially effecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
140
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systematic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity
141
gouty arthritis
acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (commonly the big toe) caused by excessive level of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia)
142
bony necrosis
bone tissue has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
143
sequestrum
bone tissue has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
144
bunion
swelling of the joint at the base of the big toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
145
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
146
chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
147
epiphysitis
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
148
fracture
broken or cracked bone
149
closed/simple fracture
broken bone with no open wound
150
open/compound fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
151
complex fracture
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
152
fracture line
line of the break in a broken bone
153
comminuted fracture
bone is shattered into many small pieces
154
spiral fracture
broken bone in which the fracture line is helical, usually resulting from a twisting injury
155
transverse fracture
broken bone in which fracture line forms a right angle with longitudinal axis of the bone
156
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
157
herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
158
myeloma
bone marrow tumor
159
myositis
inflammation of muscle
160
myoma
muscle tumor
161
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
162
leiomyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
163
rhabdomyoma
skeletal muscle tumor
164
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
165
muscular dystrophy
genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (Duchenne=most common)
166
osteoma
bone tumor
167
osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
168
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency (causes bone deformity in children)
169
rickets
osteomalacia causes bone deformity in children
170
osteomyelitis
infection of bona and bone marrow, causing inflammation
171
osteoporosis
decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and fracture more easily
172
spinal curvatures
curvatures of the spine or spinal column
173
kyphosis
anteriorly concave curvature of the thoracic spine (humped back condition)
174
lordosis
anteriorly convex curvature of the lumber spine (sway back condition)
175
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S shaped curve)
176
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping)
177
sprain
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
178
subluxation
partial dislocation (luxation= dislocation)
179
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
180
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
181
electromyogram (EMG)
a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of a muscle both at rest and during contraction (used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders)
182
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a no x ray (nonionizing) technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (used to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders)
183
nuclear medicine imaging/radionuclide organ imaging
an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
184
bone scan
a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect tumor or malignancy
185
radiography
imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used to visualize extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
186
arthrogram
a radiography of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
187
computed tomography (CT)
a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-Dimensional or three-dimensional image
188
computed axial tomography (CAT)
a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-Dimensional or three-dimensional image
189
sonography
ultrasound imaging: used to image muscles, ligaments, displacements and dislocations or guide a therapeutic intervention
190
amputation
partial or complete removal of a limb
191
arthrocentesis
puncture for aspiration of a joint
192
arthrodesis
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
193
arthroplasty
repair or reconstruction of a joint
194
arthroscopy
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
195
bone grafting
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
196
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
197
myoplasty
repair or a muscle
198
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
199
osteoplasty
repair of bone
200
osteotomy
an incision into bone
201
spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
202
tenotomy
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
203
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
204
casting
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
205
splinting
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; less effective than a cast but adjusts to swelling better
206
traction (Tx)
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
207
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins into the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
208
orthosis
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bones position or provide limb support
209
physical therapy (PT)
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury
210
prosthesis
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function
211
analgesic
a drug that relives pain
212
narcotic
a potent analgesic with additive properties
213
anti-inflammatory
a drug that reduces inflammation
214
antipyretic
a drug that relives fever
215
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis (ibuprofen and aspirin)
