Nervous System and Psychiatry Flashcards
1
Q
cerebell/o
A
cerebellum (little brain)
2
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
3
Q
crani/o
A
skull
4
Q
encephal/o
A
entire brain
5
Q
esthesi/o
A
sensation
6
Q
gangli/o
A
ganglion (knot)
7
Q
gli/o
A
glue
8
Q
gnos/o
A
knowing
9
Q
hypn/o
A
sleep
10
Q
kinesi/o
A
movement
11
Q
mening/o
A
meninges (membrane)
12
Q
lex/o
A
word or phrase
13
Q
meningi/o
A
meninges (membrane)
14
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord or bone marrow
15
Q
narc/o
A
stupor or sleep
16
Q
neur/o
A
nerve
17
Q
phas/o
A
speech
18
Q
phob/o
A
exaggerated fear or sensitivity
19
Q
phor/o
A
carry or bear
20
Q
phren/o
A
mind
21
Q
psych/o
A
mind
22
Q
schiz/o
A
split
23
Q
somat/o
A
body
24
Q
somn/i
A
sleep
25
somn/o
sleep
26
spin/o
spine (thron)
27
spondyl/o
vertebra
28
stere/o
three-dimensional or solid
29
tax/o
order or coordination
30
thalam/o
thalamus (a room)
31
thym/o
mind
32
ton/o
tone or tension
33
top/o
place
34
ventricul/o
ventricle (belly or pouch)
35
vertebr/o
vertebra
36
cata-
down
37
-asthenia
weakness
38
-lepsy
seizure
39
-mania
condition of abnormal impulse toward
40
-paresis
slight paralysis
41
-plegia
paralysis
42
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
43
brain
portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
44
cerebrum
largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge or nerve fibers called corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie
45
frontal lobe
anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
46
parietal lobe
portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
47
temporal lobe
portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
48
occipital lobe
posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes; responsible for vision
49
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of grey matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex=bark)
50
thalamus
each of two masses of grey matter deep within the brain between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
51
diencephalon
area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem; responsible for directing sensory info to the cortex
52
gyri
convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
53
solci
shallow groves that separate gyri
54
fissures
deep groves in the brain
55
cerebellum
portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination for skeletal muscles
56
brainstem
region that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temp; 3 levels mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata
57
ventricles
series of interconnected cavities i=within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
58
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
plasma like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
59
spinal cord
column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
60
meninges
three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater
61
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerves that branch from the central nervous system including the nerves of the brain and spinal cord
62
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
63
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
64
sensory nerves
nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves
65
motor nerves
nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; ALSO CALLED EFFERENT NERVES
66
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and various glands
67
hypothalamus
control center for the autonomic nervous system located near the pituitary gland
68
sympathetic nervous system
division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
69
parasympathetic nervous system
division of the autonomic nervous system that is more active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
70
aphasia
impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs because of a stroke head trauma of disease
71
dysphasia
impairment in speech production and inability to arrange words in an understandable way
72
coma
levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow coma scale
73
Glasgow coma scale
a neurologic scale used to access level of consciousness
74
delirium
a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose (deliro=to go off the rails)
75
dementia
an impairment of intellectual function characterized my memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementio = to be mad)
76
motor deficit
loss or impairment of muscle function
77
sensory deficit
loss or impairment of sensation
78
neuralgia
pain along the course of a nerve
79
paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of motor control
80
flaccid paralysis
defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
81
spastic paralysis
stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
82
hemiparesis
partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
83
sciatica
pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression od trauma of the nerve or its roots
84
seizure
sudden, transient disturbances in the brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses; may or may not be associated with convulsion
85
convulsion
to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
86
syncope
fainting
87
tactile stimulation
evoking a response by touching
88
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
89
paresthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
90
agnosia
any of many types of loss of neurological function involving interpretation of sensory information
91
astereognosis
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
92
atopognosis
inability to locate a sensation properly, such as an inability to locate a point touched on the body
93
Alzheimer disease
disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
94
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
condition of progressive deteriation of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and death; also called Lou Gehrig disease
95
cerebral palsy (CP)
condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination (palsy=paralysis)
96
cerebrovascular disease
disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
97
cerebral arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries of the brain
98
cerebral atherosclerosis
condition of lipid build up within the blood vessels of the brain (ather/o=fatty(lipid) paste)
99
cerebral aneurysm
dilation of a blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm= dilation of widening)
100
cerebral embolism
obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus (blood clot, air bubble, or fat deposit in a blood vessel) transported through the circulation
101
cerebral thrombosis
presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
102
cerebrovascular accident
damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm; also called a stroke
103
stroke
damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm; also called a stroke
104
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA
105
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
106
epilepsy
disorder affecting the central nervous system; characterized by recurrent seizures
107
tonic-clonic seizure
stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; previously termed grand mal (big bad) seizure
108
absence seizure
seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure
109
partial seizure
seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
110
glioma
tumor of neuroglia (ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia) graded according to degree of malignancy
111
herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the spinal nerve root
112
herpes zoster
viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles
113
Huntington disease (HD)
hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros=dance); also called Huntington chorea
114
Huntington chorea
hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros=dance); also called Huntington disease
115
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain because developmental problems, infection, injury, or tumor
116
meningioma
benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges)
117
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
118
migraine headache
sudden, periodic attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries
119
multiple sclerosis (MS)
disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
120
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest
121
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
122
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by a sudden uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations)
123
neural tube defects
congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord cause by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system
124
anencephaly
defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in a stillbirth
125
spina bifida
defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges (meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele); considered to be the most common neural tube defect (spina = spine; bifida = split into two parts)
126
Parkinson disease
condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem (substania nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (chemical neurotransmitter necessary for proper movement); characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements (bradykinesia); usually occurs later in life
127
plegia
paralysis
128
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
129
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down
130
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
131
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis (polio = gray)
132
polyneuritis
inflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by nutritional deficiency, such as lack of thiamine
133
sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
134
electrodiagnostic procedures
diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the function of the nervous system by recording the electrical signals produced in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
135
electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain measured as alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves; used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
136
evoked potentials
record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders; also used to monitor the neurologic function of patients during surgery
137
polysomnography
recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, and EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders
138
lumbar puncture (LP)
introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called spinal tap
139
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (especially soft tissue), such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
140
magnetic resonance angiography
magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels to detect pathologic conditions, such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis
141
intracranial MRA
magnetic resonance imaging of the head to visualize the vessels of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis), which is a common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion
142
extracranial MRA
magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery circulation
143
nuclear medicine imaging
radionuclide organ imaging
144
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scan
scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration or radioactive isotopes
145
positron-emission tomography (PET)
technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic bran disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, and so on; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but is used less often because of the cost and the limited availability of the radioisotopes
146
radiography
x-ray imaging
147
cerebral angiogram
x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium
148
computed tomography (CT) of the head
computed tomographic (x-ray) images of the head used to visualize abnormalities, such as brain tumors and malformations
149
myelogram
x-ray of the spinal cord obtained after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
150
reflex testing
test preformed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
151
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon (ex. patella or Achillies) indicating function; positive findings are either no reflex response or an exaggerated responses stimulus; n=numbers are often used to record responses 0=no response; 1+=diminished response; 2+=normal response; 3+=more brisk than average response; 4+=hyperactive response
152
Babinski sign
pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upward); also called Babinski reflex
153
Babinski reflex
pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upward); also called Babinski sign
154
transcranial Doppler sonogram
image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels; used in the diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma
155
carotid endarterectomy
incision and coring of the lining of the crotid artery to clear a blockage caused by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque or a clot; an open procedure used to treat patients who are at risk for stroke
156
craniectomy
excision of part of the skull to approach the brain
157
craniotomy
incision into the skull to approach the brain
158
discectomy or diskectomy
removal of a herniated disk; often done percutaneously (per = through; cutaneous = skin)
159
endovascular neurosurgery
minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment of disorders within blood vessels of the neck, brain, and spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously (through the skin) into the femoral artery (in the groin) and guided by angiographic imaging to the treatment site; preformed in a specialized angiographic Laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists; common procedures are: -percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with stent (ex. carotid PTA)
160
interventional neuroradiology
clinical subspecialty that uses CT and ultrasound to guide percutaneous procedures such as biopsies, fluid drainage, catheter insertion, and dilating or stenting narrowed ducts or vessels
161
laminectomy
excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
162
vertebral lamina
flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
163
microsurgery
use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
164
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve
165
spondylosyndesis
an operative procedure to create ankylosis (joint fixation) between two or more vertebrae; also called spinal fusion
166
chemotherapy
treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to produce
167
radiation therapy
treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells
168
stereotactic radiosurgery
radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions using multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions: also called stereotaxic radiosurgery
169
stereotaxic radiosurgery
radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions using multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions: also called stereotactic radiosurgery
170
stereotactic frame
mechanical device used to localize a point in space, targeting a precise site; also called stereotaxic frame
171
stereotaxic frame
mechanical device used to localize a point in space, targeting a precise site; also called stereotactic frame
172
analgesic
drug that relives pain
173
anticonvulsant
drug that prevents or lessens convulsion
174
hypnotic
drug that induces sleep
175
affect
emotional feeling or mood
176
flat affect
significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
177
apathy
a lack of interest or display of emotion
178
catatonia
a state of unresponsiveness to ones outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
179
delusion
a persistent belief that has no basis in reality
180
grandiose delusion
a person's false belief that he or she possess great wealth, intelligence, or power
181
persecutory delusion
a person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with the intent to harm
182
dysphoria
a restless, dissatisfied mood
183
euphoria
an exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
184
hallucination
a false perception of the senses for which there ais no reality; most commonly hearing or seeing things (alucinor = to wander in mind)
185
ideation
the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide)
186
mania
state of abnormal elation and increased activity
187
neurosis
a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
188
psychosis
a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within ones environment
189
thought disorder
thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
190
major depression
major depressive illness
clinical depression
major affective depression disorder
a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior: characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
191
dysthymia
a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
192
Bipolar disorder (BD)
affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and hypomania (extreme up and down states)
193
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and that remit in the spring
194
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
most common anxiety disorder; characterized by chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems; affects the ability to relax or concentrate, but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia
195
panic disorder
a disorder or sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack (rapid heart rate, chest pain, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, and dizziness) with a general sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia
196
phobia
exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic; named for the object of circumstance, such as acrophobia (fear of high places)
197
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal; may occur after war, violent personal assault, physical or sexual abuse, serious accident, or natual disaster; symptoms include feelings of fear, restlessness, detachment, exaggerated startle response, nightmares, and avoidance of anything or anyone who triggers the painful recollections
198
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life
199
hypochondriasis
a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
200
autism
a developmental disorder commonly appearing during the first 3 years of life resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication an inability to relate to anything beyond one's self (auto=self) in social interactions: persons with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking and repetitive hand movements; persons commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects r moving parts or preforming meaningless rituals
201
dyslexia
developmental disability characterized by difficulty on understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression
202
attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work
203
intellectual disability
a condition of below average intelligence or mental ability and lack of skills necessary for day-to-day activities; there are varying degrees ranging from mild to profound
204
anorexia nervosa
a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal
205
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise
206
substance abuse disorders
mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by the abused substance, such as alcohol abuse, amphetamine abuse, opioid (narcotic) abuse, and polysubstance abuse
207
schizophrenia
a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment; symptoms include distortions on normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior) flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality
208
electroconvulsive therapy
electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat patients with severe depression
209
light therapy
use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
210
psychotherapy
treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
211
behavioral therapy
treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
212
cognitive therapy
treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
213
psychotropic drugs
medications used to treat mental illness (trop/o= a turning)
214
antianxiety agents
drugs used to reduce anxiety; also called anxiolytic agents
215
anxiolytic agents
drugs used to reduce anxiety; also called antianxiety agents
216
antidepressant
drug that counteracts depression
217
neuroleptic agents
drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
218
sedative
drug that has a calming effect and quiets nervousness
