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AS - pe physiological > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

inspiration - rest

A
  • external intercostals contract
  • diaphragm contracts
  • ribs + sternum move up and out
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases
  • pressure in lungs decreases

IC - RCC

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2
Q

inspiration - exercise

A
  • external intercostals, diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis MINOR = contract with MORE FORCE
  • ribs + sternum move up and out FURTHER
  • thoracic cavity volume increases MORE than at rest
  • pressure in lungs decreases MORE than at rest

IC - RCC

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3
Q

expiration - rest

A
  • external intercostals relax
  • diaphragm relax
  • ribs + sternum move down and in
  • thoracic cavity decreases
  • pressure in lungs increases

EC - RCC

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4
Q

expiration - exercise

A
  • ex intcost, diaphragm = relax
  • internal intercostals + rectus abdominis contract
  • ribs + sternum move down and in with GREATER force
  • thoracic cavity volume decreases MORE than at rest
  • pressure in lungs increases MORE than at rest

EC - RCC

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5
Q

respiratory regulation

A
  • The Respiratory Control Centre (RCC) receives information from the sensory nerves
  • sends direction through motor nerves
  • to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction

two centres within RCC:

  • Inspiratory centre (IC)
  • Expiratory centre (EC)
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6
Q

IC - RCC

A

Inspiratory centre:
- stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest + during exercise

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7
Q

EC - RCC

A

Expiratory centre:

  • inactive at rest
  • BUT will stimulate additional expiratory muscles at rest + during exercise
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8
Q

how is our breathing regulated?

A
  • our breathing frequency increases as we exercise to meet the rising demands for o2 supply + removal of co2
  • medulla oblongata - ICC + ECC
  • regulated through neural + chemical controls

neural:

  • proprioceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • baroreceptors

chemical:
- chemoreceptors

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9
Q

medulla oblongata - regulation of breathing

A

the section of the brain which contains the respiratory control centre

within the RCC there is:

  • inspiratory control centre (ICC) = controls rate + depth of inspiration = cr, pr, tr
  • expiratory control centre (ECC) = controls rate + deth of expiration - br
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10
Q

chemical control

A

chemoreceptors (cr):

  • detect changes in blood pH in aorta + medulla oblongata
  • stimulate ICC to increase inspiration when co2 levels increase + o2 levels decrease
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11
Q

neural control - pr

A

proprioceptors:

  • detect changes in join movement
  • stimulate ICC to increase inspiration when moving
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12
Q

neural control - tr

A

thermoreceptors:

  • detect changes in blood temperature which occur during exercise + increase respiratory rate
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13
Q

neural control - br

A

baroreceptors:

  • stretch receptors
    = detect stretch of lungs which accompanies exercise
    = stimulates ECC to increase expiration
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14
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath (resting, approx. 500ml)

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15
Q

minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

TV x f (resting, approx 6-7.5l)

tidal volume x breathing rate

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16
Q

breathing rate response to exercise

A
  • breathing rate increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise
  • until we reach our max of around 50-60 breaths/ min
  • in sub-maximal, steady-state exercise, breathing rate can plateau
  • due to the supply of o2 meeting the demand from working muscles
17
Q

tidal volume response to exercise

A
  • depth of breathing = tidal volume
  • TV/ depth of breathing increases initially
  • in proportion to exercise intensity at sub-maximal intensities
  • then reaches a plateau during sub-maximal intensity
  • cus increased BR towards maximal intensities
    = doesn’t allow enough time
    = requires too much muscular effort for maximal expirations/ inspirations
18
Q

minute ventilation response to exercise + recovery

A

response to exercise + recovery is a combo of TV + BR:
VE = minute ventilation

VE increases proportionally with exercise intensity = TV + BR will increase

19
Q

minute ventilation response to exercise + recovery = SUB-MAXIMAL INTENSITY EXERCISE

A

during sustained sub-maximal intensity exercise:
- VE will plateau as reach comfortable steady state
= supply meeting demand for o2 delivery + waste removal

20
Q

minute ventilation response to exercise + recovery = LIGHT INTENSITY EXERCISE

A
  • initial anticipatory rise in VE prior to exercise due to release of adrenaline
  • a rapid increase in VE at the start of the exercise due to increased BR + TV to increase o2 delivery + waste removal in line with exercise intensity
  • a steady state VE throughout the sustained intensity exercise as O2 supply meets demand
  • initially rapid + then more gradual decrease in VE to resting levels as recovery has less o2 demand dramatically reduced
21
Q

minute ventilation response to exercise + recovery = MAXIMAL INTENSITY EXERCISE

A
  • VE doesn’t plateau as exercise intensity continues to increase
  • growing demand for O2 + waste removal which VE must meet
  • TV will plateau + further increase in VE is from continues rise in BR

in recovery:

  • rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease to resting levels
  • BR + TV will decrease = important to do this gradually
  • active recovery maintains VE providing the continued need for O2 for aerobic energy production + removal waste products
22
Q

association

A

the combining of oxygen with haemoglobin to form oxyhaeomglobin

23
Q

dissociation

A

the release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gaseous exchange

24
Q

how many o2 can haemoglobin carry?

A

haemoglobin (protein) able to carry 4 o2 molecules

25
Q

Bohr Shift

A

the steeper the diffusion gradient, the more readily available o2 dissociates from haemoglobin + diffuses across the membrane due to:

  • increased temperature
  • increased CO2
  • increased lactic acid production
  • increased carbonic acid production

AS - pe physiological (12 decks)

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