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AS - pe physiological > Cardio-vascular system > Flashcards

Cardio-vascular system Flashcards

1
Q

two circuits in heart

A

dual pump moving blood through separate circuits:

  • pulmonary circuit
  • systemic circuit
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2
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

carries oxygenated blood back to heart

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3
Q

systemic circuit

A

carries oxygenated blood to body

carries deoxygenated blood back to heart

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4
Q

atrial systole

A

both atria contract to force blood into the ventricles

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5
Q

ventricular systole

A
  • when both ventricles contract to eject blood
  • into the pulmonary artery + aorta
  • for transportation around the circulatory systems
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6
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase - blood enters the atria from the vena cava + pulmonary vein

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7
Q

explain the cardiac systole using atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole

A
  • atrial systole - atria contract which forces blood into the ventricles
  • ventricular systole - ventricles contract which pumps blood out of the heart/ into the aorta + pulmonary artery to the body + lungs
  • diastole - relaxation phase where atria + ventricles relax which allows blood to enter heart
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8
Q

is the heart myogenic?

A

yes

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9
Q

myogenic

A

the heart has the capacity to generate its own electrical impulse which is transported through the cardiac muscle to stimulate contraction

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10
Q

conduction system - how many stages?

A

3/4 stages:

stage 1: SA node - DIASTOLE
stage 2: AV node - ATRIAL SYSTOLE
stage 3: bundle of His - VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
stage 4: Purkinje fibres - VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

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11
Q

conduction system - stage 1

A

sino-atrial (SA) nodes sends an impulse across the atria which stimulates them to contract

DIASTOLE

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12
Q

conduction system - stage 2

A

the impulse arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node, where its delayed, allowing the ventricles to fully fill with blood

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

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13
Q

conduction system - stage 3/4

A

the impulse travels down the bundle of HIs located in the septum

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

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14
Q

conduction system - stage 4

A

the impulse travels along the Purkinje fibres and cause the ventricles to contract

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

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15
Q

HR

A

heart rate = no.of times the heart beats in a minute

resting value =

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16
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat

resting value = 80-120ml = e.g. 80ml

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17
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

heart stroke x stroke volume = cardiac output

resting value =

18
Q

describe the conduction system in 10 steps

A
  • SA node sends an impulse
  • impulse spreads across the atria
  • atria contracts
  • impulse stimulates the AV node
  • impulse is delayed
  • ventricles fill with blood
  • impulse travel along the bundle of His
  • impulse travels along the Purkinje fibres
  • impulse stimulates the ventricles to contract
  • blood is pumped out of the ventricles
19
Q

Heart rate regulation

A
  • heart is myogenic will continue to beat without tiring

cardiac control/ regulation of heart rate = HR needs to increase/ decrease:
- automatic nervous system (INS) involuntarily regulates HR + determines firing rate of SA node = higher the firing rate, higher the HR

  • CCC located in medulla oblongata changes our HR
  • 3 control mechanisms:
  • neural control
  • intrinsic control
  • hormonal control
20
Q

neural factors: regulation of HR

A

CCC (in medulla oblongata) is informed by:

  • HR is regulated by ANS
  • baroreceptors = respond to increase in BP in blood vessels
  • proprioceptors = respond to muscle activity in tendons, muscle fibres + joints
  • chemoreceptors = respond to increase in acidity/ decrease in pH in blood
  • increase HR by stimulating SA node via sympathetic nerves
  • decrease HR by inhibiting SA node via parasympathetic nerve
  • SA node increases firing rate/ HR
21
Q

hormonal factors: regulation of HR

A

2 hormones released from adrenal gland:
- direct effect on the force of contraction of heart
- thus increases stroke volume
- thus increases the firing rate of the SA node
- thus increases HR
= will increase cardiac output + oxygenated blood to working muscles

  • adrenaline = increases HR by stimulating the adrenergic receptors + SA node
  • noradrenaliine = released during stressful situations in order to increase the HR = prepare the body to deal with situation
22
Q

intrinsic factors: regulation of HR

A

core temperature of body controls HR:

  • too high = HR increases in order to increase blood flow to skin where heat can be lost
23
Q

3 main blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
24
Q

arterioles

A
  • subdivisions of arteries (transport oxygenated blood from heart to muscles + organs)
  • have large layer of smooth muscle = allows arteries + arterioles to vasoconstrict + vasodilate
  • this regulates blood flow + controls pressure
  • have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry of a capillary bed called PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS
25
Q

pre-capillary sphincters

A

the ring of smooth muscle, surrounding the entry of a capillary bed, that arterioles have

  • dilate + constrict to control the blood through the capillary bed
26
Q

veins

A
  • blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood from working muscles + organs back to heart
  • have small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to VENOdilate + VENOconstrict to maintain slow flow of blood towards the heart
  • one-way pocket valves = prevent backflow of blood
27
Q

capillaries

A

bring blood slowly into close contact w/ muscle + organ cells for gaseous exchange

  • capillary walls are 1 cell thick
  • single layer cells
  • thin enough to allow gas, nutrient + waste exchange
  • link artery-arteriole-capillaries-venule-veins
28
Q

venous return

A

return of blood to the heart through venules + veins back to the right atrium = against gravity

29
Q

venous return mechanisms

A
  • pocket valves
  • muscular pump
  • respiratory pump
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
30
Q

pocket valves - venous return mechanisms

A

one way valves located in veins which prevent backflow of blood

31
Q

muscular pump - venous return mechanisms

A

the contraction of skeletal muscles during exercise which compresses the veins forcing blood back towards the heart

32
Q

respiratory pump - venous return mechanisms

A

during inspiration + expiration = pressure difference between the thoracic + abdominal cavities is created, which squeezes blood back towards the heart

33
Q

smooth muscle - venous return mechanisms

A

layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins helps maintain pressure in the vein = squeezes blood back (transporting) to heart

34
Q

gravity - venous return mechanism

A

blood from the upper body, above the heart, returns towards the heart with the help of gravity

35
Q

vascular shunt mechanism

A
  • the redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise
  • which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles

aka. redistribution of blood flow from one area of the body to another

36
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the blood vessels to restrict blood flow

37
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow

38
Q

Starling’s Law

A

increased venous return leads to a increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls + therefore force of contraction

39
Q

blood pooling

A

blood sitting in pocket valves due to not performing active recovery

40
Q

venous return importance

A
  • prevent blood pooling
  • help increase stroke volume = increase cardiac output
  • essential so that blood can return to the right side of the heart via the vena cava to become reoxygenated and travel to working muscles to meet the greater demand during exercise
41
Q

Karvonen’s principle

A

training HR = resting HR + %( HR max - resting HR)

AS - pe physiological (12 decks)

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