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BIOL 204 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the respiratory system

A
  • exchange gases with the environment to obtain O2 and to excrete sufficient CO2
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2
Q

why do we need O2

A
  • perform oxidative phosphorylation for cellular respiration to produce ATP
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3
Q

why do we need to excrete CO2 (2)

A
  • excess CO2 in blood will cause the blood to become acidic

- lead to protein denaturing and malfunction

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4
Q

what are the major processes necessary for gas exchange with the environment

A
  • ventilation

- perfusion

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5
Q

ventilation

A
  • moving air/water across the gas exchange surface (breathing)
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6
Q

perfusion

A
  • pumping blood through the capillaries of an organ; pumping blood through the capillaries of the gas exchange surface
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7
Q

diffusion

A
  • spontaneous movement of molecules/atoms from a region of high [ ] to a region of low [ ]
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8
Q

what are the 3 important structural adaptations that increase diffusion rate

A
  1. large surface area
  2. thin tissue
  3. highly vascularized
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9
Q

fick’s equation

A
  • used to calculate the diffusion rate of a gas
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10
Q

dV/dt

A
  • diffusion rate: volume of gas (O2, CO2) moving through a given area (epithelium of the alveoli) in a given amount of time
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11
Q

A (2)

A
  • surface area of the gas exchange surface

- the total SA of all the alveoli in the lung that is being ventilated and perfused

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12
Q

D

A
  • diffusion coefficient, a constant that represents how easily a specific gas can diffuse through a certain medium (epithelium of alveoli and capillaries)
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13
Q

dx

A
  • thickness of the tissue separating the blood from the air inside the alveoli
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14
Q

(P1 - P2)

A
  • partial pressure gradient across the gas exchange surface
  • P1: partial pressure of O2 in the air inside the alveoli
  • P2: partial pressure of the O2 passing through the capillaries
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15
Q

gill structure - chondrichthyes (4)

A
  • gill rays project from pharyngeal arches III - VII and support the interbranchial chambers
  • complete interbranchial septae separate the parabranchial chambers
  • distal ends of each septum forms a flap valve that covers the parabranchial chamber
  • gill rakers project into the pharynx, forming a screen across openings to parabranchial chambers, preventing food from entering and damaging delicate gills
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16
Q

respiratory gill structure

A
  • primary lamellae project from sides of interbranchial septum
  • fragile secondary lamellae on both sides of primary lamellae form tiny vertical ridges and are the site for gas exchange
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17
Q

gill structure - actinopterygii

A
  • gill rays project from pharyngeal arches III - VII and support the interbranchial chambers
  • complete interbranchial septae separate the parabranchial chambers
  • distal ends of each septum forms a flap valve that covers the parabranchial chamber
  • gill rakers project into the pharynx, forming a screen across openings to parabranchial chambers, preventing food from entering and damaging delicate gills
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18
Q

structure of gills - amphibians (2)

A
  • many larval amphibians have external gills that project into the surrounding water
  • most lose these gills during transition from larval to adult form; however, some salamanders retain their gills as adults
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19
Q

disadvantages of external gills (2)

A
  • more exposed to the environment and susceptible to damage

- if taken out of H2O, gills will collapse and SA will decrease = decreased in diffusion rate

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20
Q

suction phase

A
  • chamber is expanded, increasing its volume and decreasing its pressure
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21
Q

pressure phase

A
  • chamber is compression, decreasing its volume and increasing its pressure
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22
Q

the dual pump (4)

A
  • buccal + pharyngeal pump and a parabranchial/opercular pump working together
  • uses branchiomeric and hypobranchial muscles
  • produces unidirectional flow of water
  • gnathostomata fish
23
Q

chondrichthyes dual pump: suction phase (2)

A
  • buccal cavity, pharynx and parabranchial chambers expand, generating low pressure inside
  • draws water through the mouth and spiracles (flap valves closed), into the parabranchial chambers, and over the gills
24
Q

chondrichthyes dual pump: pressure phase (3)

A
  • buccal cavity, pharynx, parabranchial chambers compress
  • mouth and spiracle close and high pressure forces flap valves open
  • water flows from buccal cavity and pharynx, through the parabranchial chambers, over the gills, and out through the external gill slits
25
Q

during what phase of the dual pump are the gills ventilated

A
  • both suction and pressure phase
26
Q

dual pump: actinopterygii & sarcoptergii (2)

A
  • they do not have spiracles, so water is only taken in through the mouth
  • the gills are located in one large pair of opercular chambers: dual pump is composed of buccal + pharyngeal pump and the opercular pump
27
Q

ram ventilation (3)

A
  • chondrichthyes, actinopterygii
  • alternative to dual pump when swimming: only saves energy if axial muscles are more efficient than dual pump muscles because swimming with mouth open produces drag (increases axial muscle work)
  • side effect of swimming where water flows into mouth, over gills and out of gill slits
28
Q

buccal force pump (air) (3)

A
  • amphibians and air-breathing sarcopterygii
  • uses branchiomeric and hypobranchial muscles
  • use of the buccal cavity and pharyx as a pump to force air into the lungs
29
Q

buccal force pump: suction phase (2)

A
  • buccal cavity and pharynx expand while glottic and nares/mouth are open
  • spent air from lungs and fresh air from outside enter and mix together in buccal cavity and pharynx
30
Q

buccal force pump: pressure phase (2)

A
  • buccal cavity and pharynx are compressed while glottic and nares/mouth stay open
  • mixture of spent air and fresh air is formed from buccal cavity and pharynx into lungs and excess air is expelled
31
Q

buccal force pump: how do vertebrates minimize amount of mixing of spent and freshair

A
  • differences in precise timing of opening glottic and nares
32
Q

during which phase of the two-stroke buccal force pump are lungs ventilated

A
  • pressure phase
33
Q

aspiration pump (3)

A
  • amniotes
  • expansion and compression of the thoracic cavity/ribcage
  • functions using axial muscles
34
Q

aspiration pump: mammals

A
  • use diaphragm to aid in expansion of thoracic cavity
35
Q

aspiration pump: suction phase (2)

A
  • inhalation: axial muscles expand the thoracic cavity, generating region of low pressure inside the lungs
  • air is aspirated (sucked) through the trachea into the lungs
36
Q

aspiration pump: pressure phase (2)

A
  • exhalation: muscles relax and thoracic cavity compresses, increasing pressure inside lungs
  • forces the air out of the lungs
37
Q

aspiration pump: crocodilia (2)

A
  • use axial muscles to expand and compress ribcage
  • use specialized muscles to power the hepatic piston: liver is pulled toward the tail during suction to increase cavity volume, an liver moves anteriorly when muscles relax to decrease the cavity volume during pressure phase
38
Q

challenge of air breathing

A
  • for rapid diffusion of gasses, surface must be moist
39
Q

how do air breathers minimize water loss on gas exchange surfaces (2)

A
  • air breathing organs are located deep within body to minimize water loss by evaporation and prevent desiccation of surface
  • tidal airflow allows for some recapture of water vapour during exhalation
40
Q

challenges of tidal flow (2)

A
  1. not all the inhaled air reaches the gas exchange surfaces; volume of inhaled air that is not used for gas exchange is called dead space
  2. not all the air within the respiratory system is expelled during exhalation; some air inhaled will contain spent air
41
Q

what structure hold dead air in mammalian lungs

A
  • trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
42
Q

how does inhaling mixture of fresh and spent air affect diffusion rate or oxygen

A
  • decreases partial pressure gradient, decreasing the diffusion rate
43
Q

challenges of water breathing (3)

A
  • oxygen availability is much lower in water than in air and decreases as temperature or salt [ ] increases
  • water is more dense than air, so pumps for water are more energetically expensive to operate than air pumps
  • if gills are taken out of water, thin tissue of secondary lamellae will collapse due to gravity and diffusion rate will fall
44
Q

labyrinth organ (4)

A
  • located dorsal to the gills
  • formed by extensive folding of one dorsal bone of pharyngeal arch III
  • folded bone is covered in thin, highly vascularized epithelium
  • epithelium does not collapse out of water due to support from the bone
45
Q

facultative air-breathers (2)

A
  • taxa have both gills and air-breathing organs
  • gills are used for gas exchange with water when water O2 levels are high, but air-breathing organs can be used for gas exchange when water O2 levels are low
46
Q

obligate air-breathers (2)

A
  • gills are greatly reduced (decreases SA and thicker), such that gills have insufficient SA to provide O2 for metabolic requirements even in well-oxygenated water
  • if fish is prevented from reaching surface to breath air, then they will drown
47
Q

why do obligate air-breathers retain their gills

A
  • osmoregulation
48
Q

amphibia, lepidsauria, testudinata: lungs (2)

A
  • faveoli: small compartments in the lungs which open into a hollow chamber in centre of the lungs; extremely thin and contain many capillaries for gas exchange
  • air is pumped through trachea into the central chamber of the lung, before diffusing into the falveoli
49
Q

mammalia: lungs (2)

A
  • air is draw through trachea and enters lungs via a series of branching tubes of smaller and smaller diameter: bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
  • alveoli: saccular compartments with extremely thin walls and highly vascularized
50
Q

archosauria: lungs (3)

A
  • air flow through the lungs is unidirectional, allowing for gas exchange during suction and pressure phase
  • trachea branches into two primary bronchi (one for each lung), and each bronchi branches into a series of secondary bronchi
  • bronchi are connected to another series of secondary bronchi via tiny one-way air passages called parabronchi
51
Q

archosauria: gas exchange surface (2)

A
  • air capillaries extend from walls of parabronchi

- air passing through diffuses into the air capillaries, which are highly vascularized

52
Q

aves: lungs (3)

A
  • lungs are connected to a series of hollow, elastic air sacs
  • air sacs expand when aspiration pump expands the thoracic cavity and compress when the aspiration pump compresses the thoracic cavity, but are not involved in gas exchange
  • airs sacs are divided into anterior and posterior air sacs, with the parabronchi of the lungs connecting them
53
Q

aves: lungs during suction phase (3)

A
  • axial muscles expand rib cage, decreasing pressure inside thoracic cavity and the air sacs expand
  • decrease in pressure draws air through the trachea
  • fresh air enters the posterior AS and parabronchi, while spent air in the parabronchi enters the anterior AS
54
Q

aves: lungs during pressure phase

A
  • thoracic cavity is compresses and air sacs decrease in volume
  • forces fresh air in the posterior AS through the parabronchi and the spent air in the parabronchi and anterior AS out through the trachea

BIOL 204 (10 decks)

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