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BIOL 204 > Phylogeny > Flashcards

Phylogeny Flashcards

1
Q

taxon

A
  • a named group of organisms
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2
Q

homologous structures (2)

A
  • features that share a common ancestry: structures arise from the same structure in their MCRA
  • structures that are homologous may also be similar in function and appearance, but this is not true for all homologous structures
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3
Q

how can embryonic origins support comparative morphology studies (2)

A
  • can provide evidence for whether or not structures are homologous
  • is a certain feature has the same precise embryonic origin, it is most likely homologous; due to broadness of differentiation in embryos, we cannot confirm that the are homologous
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4
Q

phylogeny

A
  • evolutionary history of any group of organisms
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5
Q

phylogenetic tree (2)

A
  • graphical representation of HYPOTHESIZED evolutionary relationships among taxa
  • can use genetics, traits, behaviours, geography, etc to construct phylogenies
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6
Q

monophyletic group

A
  • group consists of an ancestor and ALL of its descendants
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7
Q

node

A
  • each node represents a common ancestor

- not an individual, but a population of organisms

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8
Q

common ancestor and homologous characters

A
  • more recently two groups shared a common ancestor, the more homologous characters we would expect them to share
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9
Q

convergent evolution

A
  • produces similar characters that are NOT the result of inheritance from a common ancestor
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10
Q

evolutionary divergence (2)

A
  • can produce characters that no longer appear similar, even though they are homologous
  • can lead to secondary loss of characters
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11
Q

ancestral character state

A
  • pre-existing character state that is not new to a certain taxon
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12
Q

derived character state

A
  • character state that has been changed and is new within that taxon
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13
Q

synapomorphy

A
  • derived character state that is shared by 2+ taxa
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14
Q

how can deuterostome and protostome taxa be identified (2)

A

based on early embryonic development:

  • protostomes (“first mouth”): blastopore at anterior end of embryo and gives rise to region of the mouth
  • deuterostomes (“second mouth”): blastopore at posterior end of embryo and gives rise to region of the anus
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15
Q

what are the shared characters of all chordates (5)

A

all appear in at least one developmental stage, although it may not be retained into adulthood:

  • dorsal hollow nerve chord
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • post-anal tail
  • endostyle (homologous to thyroid gland in vertebrates)
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16
Q

dorsal hollow nerve chord (5)

  • synapomorphy for….
  • definition
  • origins
  • composition
  • function
A
  • synapomorphy for chordates
  • hollow, fluid-filled structure dorsal to the digestive tract
  • arises from neural tube/neural plate ectoderm
  • composed of neurons and glial cells and forms central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates)
  • transmit signals to rest of body
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17
Q

notochord (5)

  • synapomorphy for….
  • definition and structure
  • function
  • origins
  • presence in vertebrates
A
  • synapomorphy for all chordates
  • slender rod with core of cells and fluid surrounded by tough fibrous sheath
  • provides structural support: can bend from side to side, but cannot be axially compressed (length remains the same)
  • arises from mesoderm
  • functionally replaced by vertebral column during development in many vertebrates
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18
Q

pharyngeal slits (3)

  • synapomorphy of…
  • position
  • formation
A
  • most likely a synapomorphy of deuterostomes
  • pharynx is anterior chamber of digestive tract (posterior to the mouth)
  • during development, walls of pharynx penetrated by series of openings, but are closed before embryo is born/hatched in many terrestrial vertebrae
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19
Q

endostyle (5)

  • synapomorphy for…
  • position
  • definition
  • function
  • homologous to…
A
  • synapomorphy for chordates
  • arises from ventral side of pharynx during development
  • groove filled with glandular tissue
  • produces mucus and processes iodine
  • homologous to thyroid gland in chordates
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20
Q

post-anal tail (3)

  • synapomorphy for…
  • definition
  • function
A
  • synapomorphy for chordates
  • posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus; notochord extends into structure
  • functions to produce lateral undulation for movement
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21
Q

myomeres (2)

  • definition
  • function
A
  • segmented blocks of skeletal muscle separate by layers of connective tissue; arranged in series from anterior to posterior
  • pull notochord from side to side to create movement
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22
Q

notochord vs nerve cord (2)

A
  • notochord provides structural support for body

- nerve cord used for rapid communication of signals within body

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23
Q

deuterostomes (3)

A
  • echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata
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24
Q

chordata (3)

A
  • cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata
25
Q

echinodermata (2)

A
  • sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, etc

- adults have pentaradial symmetry

26
Q

hemichordata

A
  • includes acorn worms and pterobranchs
27
Q

cephalochordata

A
  • amphioxus or sea lancelot

- have all 5 chordate characteristics

28
Q

urochordata

A
  • eg. sea squirts

- undergo metamorphosis; lose some chordate characteristics as adults

29
Q

vertebral column

A
  • series of separate bones or cartilage blocks located along the longitudinal axis of the body
30
Q

cranium

A
  • composed of cartilage/bone
31
Q

muscular pharyngeal pump

A
  • for feeding, likely replaced ciliary pump of chordata common ancestor
32
Q

what characters differentiated ancestral vertebrates from ancestral urochordates (3)

A
  • vertebral column
  • cranium
  • muscular pharyngeal pump
33
Q

agnatha (2)

A
  • vertebrates without jaws

- include myxinoidea (hagfish) and lampreys (petromyzontida)

34
Q

myxinodea (5)

  • characteristics (3)
  • phylogeny (2)
A
  • agnatha and vertebrata
  • hagfish only found in marine environments
  • often scavengers. feeding on dead fish, dying fish, or invertebrates; can also be predatory
  • release huge volumes of slime if attacked
  • lack vertebrae; likely secondarily lost
35
Q

petromyzontida (4)

  • phylogeny (1)
  • characteristics (3)
A
  • agnatha and vertebrata
  • lamprey have a larval stage using muscular pharyngeal pump for suspension feeding
  • have endostyle; during metamorphosis into adult, it transitions to thyroid gland
  • some adults are parasitic and attach to prey using their round mouths to feed on blood and fluids; others do not feed at all as adults
36
Q

what characters differentiated ancestral gnathostomata from ancestral agnatha (3)

A
  • bone
  • jaws
  • pectoral and pelvic fins/girdles
37
Q

jaw (2)

A
  • biting device derived from splanchnocranium of the skull
  • allowed for great increase in gnathostome diversity due to wider variety of food sources than available for filter-feeding ancestors
38
Q

pectoral and pelvic fins

A
  • gave ancestral gnathostomes stability and precise control of steering while swimming, allowing for increased maneuverability
39
Q

gnathostomes (2)

A

give rise to:

  • chondrichthyes
  • teleostomi
40
Q

chondrichthyes (4)

A
  • elasmobranchii and holocephali
  • cartilaginous fish: secondary loss of bone
  • control their buoyancy by producing oils (using their liver) and by swimming
  • negatively buoyant, so they will sink if they stop swimming
41
Q

teleostomi

A
  • actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, tetrapods
42
Q

what characters differentiated ancestral teleostomi from ancestral gnathostomes (3)

A

gas bladder

43
Q

gas bladder

A
  • acts as a swim bladder that provides natural buoyancy

- act as lungs for gas exchange in other teleostomi

44
Q

actinopterygii

A
  • teleosts exist within actinopterygii and contain large number of extant species
45
Q

tetrapoda

A
  • amphibia, sauropsida, mammalia
46
Q

what characters differentiated ancestral tetrapoda from ancestral lobe-finned fishes

A
  • legs and digits
47
Q

legs and digits (2)

A
  • paired muscular appendages and well-defined joints

- evolved from fleshy fins

48
Q

amphibia (3)

A
  • salamanders, newts, frogs and toads, and caecilians
  • most have thin, scaleless skin covered in mucous to allow for cutaneous respiration
  • most have aquatic larval stage, then undergo metamorphosis into a semi-terrestrial or terrestrial adult stage
49
Q

anamniotes (2)

A
  • fish and amphibians

- do not produce amnion, chorion or allantois; many still produce yolk sacs

50
Q

amniotes (4)

A
  • embryos that produce amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac
  • two main lineages: sauropsida and mammalia
  • in oviparous (egg-laying amniotes), the embryo is packaged within a tough shell
  • waterproof membranes allowed for laying of eggs on land (transition to terrestrial environment) and prevent desiccation
51
Q

sauropsida

A
  • testudinata, lepidosauria, archosauria
52
Q

archosauria

A
  • crocodilia

- aves

53
Q

testudinata (4)

A
  • turtles
  • have bony shell made up of dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron
  • secondary loss of teeth
  • beak composed of keratin
54
Q

lepidosauria (2)

A
  • snakes, lizards

- hemipenes are synapomorphy; pair or intromittent organs

55
Q

crocodilia

A
  • crocodiles, alligators, caiman
56
Q

aves (2)

A
  • birds

- can be distinguished by presence of feathers and endothermy

57
Q

mammals (2)

A
  • monotremata, metatheria, eutheria

- synapomorphies: endothermy, hair, mammary glands

58
Q

monotremata (2)

A
  • platypus, beaver

- lay eggs, oviparous

59
Q

metatherians and eutherians

A
  • give birth to free-living young (viviparous)

BIOL 204 (10 decks)

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