Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

muscles: function

A
  • provide force for movement
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2
Q

skeleton: function (3)

A
  • support the body
  • protect delicate body tissues
  • provide levers for muscles to act on to produce movement
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3
Q

what happens when a muscle contracts

A
  • it shortens and applies force by PULLING
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4
Q

skeletal muscles attachment sites

A
  • origin

- insertion

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5
Q

skeletal muscles attachment sites: origin

A
  • relatively fixed structure
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6
Q

skeletal muscles attachment sites: insertion

A
  • relatively mobile site
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7
Q

antagonistic pairs

A
  • pairs of muscles that pull the same body part in opposite directions
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8
Q

flexion (2)

A
  • to bend one part relative to another about a joint

- decreases the angle between these two parts

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9
Q

extension

A
  • to straighten one part relative to another about a joint

- increases the angle between these two parts

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10
Q

levators

A
  • elevate (raise) a body part
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11
Q

depressors

A
  • depress (lower) a body part
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12
Q

adduction (2)

A
  • to move a body part towards the midline of the body

- to elevate the lower jaw, closing the mouth

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13
Q

abduction (2)

A
  • to move a body part away from the midline of the body

- to depress the lower jaw, opening the mouth

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14
Q

protractors (2)

A
  • projection of a part away from its base

- movement of an appendage in the anterior direction

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15
Q

retractors (2)

A
  • withdrawal of a body part: pulling it back closer to its base
  • movement of an appendage in the posterior direction
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16
Q

classification of skeletal muscles (4)

A
  • branchiomeric
  • hypobranchial
  • axial
  • appendicular
17
Q

trunk somites

A
  • myotome of trunk somites develop into axial and appendicular muscles
18
Q

anterior somites (2)

A
  • grow ventrally and anteriorly to form hypobranchial muscles
  • ventral to pharyngeal slits
19
Q

somitomeres

A
  • epimere mesoderm forms connected clusters in the head

- develop into branchiomeric muscles

20
Q

terrestrial locomotion: propulsive stroke (2)

A
  • foot contacts the ground

- limb moves from anterior to posterior (retraction) propelling body forward

21
Q

terrestrial locomotion: recovery stroke (2)

A
  • foot is lifted (no contact with ground)

- limb moves from posterior to anterior (protraction), back into position for another propulsive stroke

22
Q

sprawled limb posture (2)

A
  • amphibia, testidunata, lepidosauria, and crocodilia

- limbs positioned laterally

23
Q

erect limb posture (2)

A
  • mammalia, aves

- limbs are positioned directly under the body

24
Q

terrestrial locomotion: sprawled limb posture (3)

A
  • walk or run with lateral undulations of the body, using feet as pivot points
  • recovery stroke requires an overarm swing for each limb
  • limb movement is both anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral
25
terrestrial locomotion: erect limb posture (2)
- recovery stroke achieved with a pendulum-like swing | - limb movement is generally restricted to anterior/posterior direction
26
what posture is more efficient for terrestrial locomotion
- erect posture: higher proportion of energy used for limb movement will contribute to propelling the body forward than to moving the limbs back into position
27
what determines the amount of force generated by skeletal muscles (2)
- cross-sectional area of the muscle is directly related to force - does not depend on length
28
axial muscles
- muscles of the body wall organized into myomeres separated by mysepta - epaxial (T) and hypoaxial (B) separated by horizonatal septum - chond, actin: attach to vetebral column (sarc: noto) to produce lateral udulations of body = powerful thrust to propel body forward in H2O - tetrapod (sprawled): both appen and axia contributw to locomoton - tetrapod (erect): epaxial (pull neural spines to stabilize column to bridge weight of internal organs to legs) - tetrapods (hypaxial): form large portion of body wall and help protect internal organs - amniotes: aspiration pump to expand/compress flexible ribcage
29
appendicular
- chond + actin = extend from gridles to fins; each find has forsal ad ventral muscle; smaller cross-sectional area as they are used for stability and steering more than axial muscles - tetrapods: limbs provide main source of propulsive force, so relatively large; pectoral and pelvic adductor and abductor masses divded into many distinct muscles allowing for highly maneuverable limbs - aves: muscle bunched proximally, connected to distal ends by long tendons; keep muscle mass close to centre of gravity for flight stability; muscles of pectoral girdle and forelimb relatively large (pectoralis attaches to sternum, adducts wings);