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respiratory system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the final receptor of ATP

A

oxygen

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2
Q

what is a by-product of the ATP cycle

A

CO2

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3
Q

what are physical influences of a molecule

A

size, weight, and diffusion

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4
Q

what gives air its weight

A

the gravitational feild

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5
Q

what is air pressure at sea level

A

1 atmosphere OR 760mmHg

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6
Q

what is potential pressure?

A

pressure contributing gas to total atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

what is daltons law

A

each gas exerts its own partial pressure

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8
Q

what is daltons equation?

A

(PP)(Element)=760mmHg x (% of gas found in dry air)

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9
Q

gas moves from ______ to ______ partial pressure

A

high, low

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10
Q

pressure decreases with ______

A

altitude

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11
Q

air becomes less ______ as altitude increases

A

dense

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12
Q

what is henrys law

A

describes the behavior, solubility, and partial pressure of gases when they contact liquid

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13
Q

what does a greater pp in gas mean

A

there is a greater number of gas molecules that dissolve in liquid

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14
Q

increasing temperatures _______ soluability of oxygen

A

decrease

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15
Q

what is fricks law of diffusion

A

the rate of transfer of gas through tissue is proportional to the tissue area; the difference in gas partial pressure between two sides are inversely proportional to tissue thickness

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16
Q

what is fricks equation, and what does each image mean?

A

R= (DA ⃤P)/d

R- rate of diffusion
D- diffusion constant 
A- area over which diffusion takes place
⃤  p- pressure diffenerce between two sides 
d- difference where diffusion occurs
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17
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the increased distance over which a solute increases diffusion time

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18
Q

which diffuses faster in water: CO2 or O

A

CO2 because it is more soluble

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19
Q

how do simple invertebrates breathe?

A

by simple diffusion through the body wall

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20
Q

true or false: simple invertebrates have a respiratory system and a circulatory system

A

false, they have neither

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21
Q

simple inverts have a high _____ ____ ___ ______ ratio

A

surface area to volume

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22
Q

how do external invertebrates breathe

A

my external diffusion across the epithelium

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23
Q

do external-breathing invertebrates have a circulatory system?

A

yes

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24
Q

where do external-breathing invertebrates live

A

aquatic or moist environments

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25
Q

what are examples of externally-breathing invertebrates

A

annelids and echinoderms

26
Q

how do internally-breathing vertebrates breathe?

A

via gills

27
Q

what are some examples of internally-breathing veterbrates

A

crustaceans and mollusks

28
Q

where do invertebrates with tracheal systems live?

A

terrestrial environments

29
Q

what type of lungs do chelicerata have

A

book lungs

30
Q

how are terristrial invertebrates kept moist

A

by internal locations

31
Q

vertebrates are the most ______, and have an extensive _______ network associated with each respiratory organ

A

complex, capillary

32
Q

where are fish gills enclosed in?

A

oral cavities

33
Q

what do gills function as?

A

pumps to move water and oxygen in

34
Q

there are ____ gill arches on each side, and ___ rows of gill filaments, which consist of a _______

A

4, 2, lamellae

35
Q

blood flows _______ of water

A

opposite

36
Q

what can be found in the upper respiratory tree (5)

A

nares, sinus passageways, pharyngeal area, larynx, and epiglottis.

37
Q

what are the nares?

A

the nose and mouth, an entry point

38
Q

what are the sinus passageways used for

A

moistening inhaled air

39
Q

where is the pharyngeal area

A

the back of the throat

40
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

it covers the glottis to prevent liquid from getting into the trachea

41
Q

what does the larynx contain?

A

cartilage and vocal cords

42
Q

what does the lower respiratory tree contain?

A

the trachea, lungs, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

43
Q

what do trachea have and why

A

hyaline cartilage rings, so the airway doesn’t collapse

44
Q

where does diffusion take place in the lungs

A

in the alveoli

45
Q

what do birds have in place of alveoli

A

parabronchi aka air sacs

46
Q

what is positive pressure ventilation?

A

when air is forced into the lungs

47
Q

what is negative pressure ventilation?

A

when air is pulled into the lungs

48
Q

what animals use negative pressure breathing

A

mammals birds and reptiles

49
Q

what animals use postive pressure breathing

A

frogs

50
Q

when inhaling, thoracic volume _________, and the ________ muscles and the _________ contract.

A

increases, intercostal, diaphragm

51
Q

when exhaling, thoracic volume ________, the intercostal and diaphragm ________

A

decreases, relax

52
Q

how many cycles do bird respirations have?

A

teo

53
Q

describe the first cycle of bird respiration

A

air moves from the trachea to the posterior air sacs, which are inhaled to the lungs

54
Q

describe the second bird respiration cycle

A

air moves from the lungs into anterior sacs, and exhaled through the trachea

55
Q

true or false: old and new air sometimes mix in bird respiration

A

false

56
Q

the bird respiration cycles happen ___________

A

simultaneously

57
Q

where is hemoglobin located

A

red blood cells

58
Q

what does each hemoglobin (4 per blood cell) have at the center

A

an iron atom

59
Q

what affects how much oxygen hemoglobin carrie’s?

A

PO2, CO2, pH, and temperature

60
Q

what is the borh effect?

A

a decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin in response to a lower blood pH resulting from increased CO2

61
Q

how is CO2 transported (3 ways)

A

dissolves in plasma
binds to hemoglobin
dissolves into the dorm bicarbonate acid, which forms carbonic acid

62
Q

what does gas exchange rely on

A

the concentration gradient

bio final (4 decks)

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