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digestive system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

an organism that gets its nutrients from complex substances

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2
Q

what are the three types of heterotrophs and what do they eat?

A

herbivores- plants
omnivores- plants and animals
carnivores- animals

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3
Q

which animals have no digestive system?

A

sponges/porifera

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4
Q

describe sponge digestion.

A

there is no digestive system, so it occurs intracellularly through endocytosis

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5
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

active transport that move particles into a cell

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6
Q

how do ALL animals (except sponges) digest?

A

extracellularly, in a digestive cavity

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7
Q

what do cnidarians (jellyfish) and flatworms have, digestive wise?

A

an incomplete digestive tract, and a gastrovascular cavity.

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8
Q

describe a SIMPLE complete digestive system, and an animal that has one

A

mouth and anus are separated by a continuous digestive tube, nematode worm

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9
Q

describe a complex complete digestive system, name all the parts and describe the function, and what animals it is found in

A

mouth and pharynx- food entry/mechanical digestion
esophagus- delivers food to the stomach from the mouth
stomach- mechanical and chemical digestion, plus some absorbtion
small intestine- chemical digestion and absorption
large intestine- concentrates waste
cloaca/rectum- waste storage
found in all vertebrates

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10
Q

how do sensory organs help locate food?

A

they allow an animal to taste, touch, smell, hear, see, etc their prey

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11
Q

what is found in the oral cavity

A

the mouth, sometimes teeth, and the pharynx

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12
Q

what is found in the tubular gastrointestinal tract

A

esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum

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13
Q

what are the mouth and teeth used for?

A

mastication, holding/capturing prey

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14
Q

what makes teeth so special

A

there is a large diversity in size and shape, because teeth match the diet

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15
Q

how do birds digest food if they don’t have teeth

A

they use their gizzard, which contains pebbles, to grind their food up

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16
Q

what is the crop used for in birds?

A

storage

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17
Q

what does the peristalsis do?

A

it aids in contraction by pushing the food down, NO digestion or absorption occurs

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18
Q

what type of surface does the stomach have, and how does it help?

A

surface is convoluted or wrinkled, which aids with digestion

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19
Q

how many chambers does the stomach have?

A

it depends on the species

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20
Q

what are the two secretory cells/gastric juice in the stomach, and what do they do?

A

parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (B12 absorption), and chief cells, which secrete pepsinogen(breaks down peptide bonds), an inactive form of pepsin.

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21
Q

what does the stomach produce?

A

chime, which is partially digested food

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22
Q

what are the two sphincters and what do they do?

A

esophageal, which allows food to move down the throat, and pyloric, which does not let the particles from the intestine re-enter the stomach.

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23
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine, and what do they do?

A

duodenum- chemical digestion
jejunum- final absorption
and ileum- finishes digestion

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24
Q

what does the small intestine aid in?

A

digestion and absorption

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25
Q

what cell does the SI have, and what is it made of?

A

mucosal cells made up of villi and microvilli

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26
Q

what do the (micro)villi do?

A

they are finger-like projections that help absorb nutrition in the body

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27
Q

what does the liver do?

A

produces bile

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28
Q

what is bile?

A

emulsified fats/lipids, made of bile pigment/waste products and bile salts/emulsified fats

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29
Q

how does the gallbladder connect to the liver?

A

the bile duct

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30
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile

31
Q

when does the gallbladder secrete bile?

A

when food is present in the duodenum

32
Q

true or false: every animal has a gallbladder.

A

false, horses, deer, rats, invertebrates, etc don’t have one

33
Q

what is the pancreas function?

A

endocrine/hormone and exocrine/digestive

34
Q

what digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce?

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, and lipase

35
Q

where does the pancreas duct lead

A

the duodenum

36
Q

where are the cecum and appendix located?

A

the ileum-colon junction

37
Q

what are the regions of the LI

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

38
Q

what does the rectum do?

A

stores waste until defecation

39
Q

what does the anus do?

A

allows feces to exit, via an inner involuntary sphincter and an outer voluntary sphincter

40
Q

most mammals have a ______

A

rectum

41
Q

what does the cloaca do?

A

it is also an exit, but for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products.

42
Q

what are functions of the LI (4)

A

no digestion
4% absorption
water, remaining electro lights, and vitamin K
mainly concentration of waste

43
Q

what are the different numbers of stomach chambers called?

A

monogastric- most animals
digastric- birds
trigastric- pseudo-ruminants
four-chambered- ruminant-herbivores

44
Q

what are the four parts of a ruminant stomach?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.

45
Q

what does fermintation in the rumen produce

A

methane

46
Q

what does rumination mean

A

regurgitating and rechewing

47
Q

what do non-ruminant herbivores have for fermintation and why?

A

a very large cecum, because regurgitation is not possible

48
Q

what is caprophagy

A

eating of feces

49
Q

what does a non-ruminant herbivore digestive system look like?

A

simple stomach, large cecum

50
Q

what do ruminants rely on microbes for?

A

cellulose

51
Q

what does an insectivores stomach look like

A

short intestine and no cecum

52
Q

what does a carnivores stomach look like

A

short intestine, colon, and small cecum

53
Q

what are the two chambers of the digastric system

A

proventriculus- chemical digestion

ventriculus/gizzard- grinds and churns food

54
Q

what do birds have that other vertebrates dont

A

ceca, or two cecums

55
Q

what are examples of pseudoruminants

A

camelids, hippos and sloths

56
Q

what type of stomach to pseudo-ruminants have

A

trigastric

57
Q

what does the tri-gastric stomach contain

A

reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, as well as a large cecum

58
Q

what are the five major steps in digestion?

A
  1. acquiring food/feeding
  2. mechanical digestion/chewing
  3. chemical digestion/enzyme usage
  4. nutrient absorption/transport
  5. remove indigestible waste/excrete
59
Q

how do carbohydrates aid in digestion?

A

they begin with salivary amylase in the mouth, but don’t do much in the stomach due to the low pH, and complete the job in the duodenum. monosaccharides are absorbed into the SI

60
Q

what do monosaccharides transport and where

A

transports proteins to the blood capillary to move through the body

61
Q

where does protein digestion begin

A

the stomach

62
Q

what is pepsinogen converted into during protein digestion

A

pepsin

63
Q

what happens to proteins in the SI

A

they are completely absorbed

64
Q

what enzymes are used in protein digestion, where are they produced, where is the site, what is the substrate, and what is the end product

A
65
Q

what are proteins broken into

A

amino acids

66
Q

where does lipid digestion begin

A

the stomach

67
Q

what does pancratic lipase become?

A

fatty acids/glycerides

68
Q

where does lipids get absorbed into

A

SI cells

69
Q

how are amino acids and monosaccharides transported

A

through the epithelial cells to the blood

70
Q

how is blood carried to the liver?

A

via the hepatic portal vein

71
Q

what are fatty acids and monoglycerides reassembled into after they diffuse into epithelial cells?

A

chylomicrons

72
Q

how are chylomicrons transported

A

the lymphatic system

73
Q

what are the four parts of the SI and where are they located

A

bio final (4 decks)

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