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nervous system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many main parts does a neuron have

A

three

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2
Q

what are the main parts of a neuron

A
  1. the central body/nucleus
  2. branched structures/dendrites and axons
  3. nervous tissue
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3
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bunch of neurons

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4
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory and motor pathways

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6
Q

the sensory gathers information to ____ to cns

A

send

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7
Q

the motor pathways move info ___ from the cns

A

away

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8
Q

what is grabbing something an example of.

A

voluntary somatic nervous system

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9
Q

what is sweating an example of?

A

involuntary autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

what are the branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic- fight or flight, and parasympathetic- rest and repose

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11
Q

what are examples of the sympathetic nervous system

A

more aware, rapid heart beat/breath

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12
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

calm the body down after an emergency

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13
Q

what do sensory receptors do?

A

detect environmental stimuli

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14
Q

what do motor effectors do?

A

respond to environmental stimuli

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15
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

they occur between sensory and motor neurons

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16
Q

what do sensory neurons do?

A

send info to the cns

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17
Q

what does the axon connect to in the motor cells

A

dendrites

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18
Q

what do motor neurons stimulate

A

smooth muscle contraction

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19
Q

what are the three neurons in vertebrates and what do they do?

A

sensory- takes info and sends to cns
interneurons- located in cns and makes a decision based on info
motor- does what interneurons choose

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20
Q

dendrites ______ info, goes to the ____ _____, and then the axon _____ the info.

A

receive, cell body, move

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21
Q

what are myelin sheaths?

A

lipid-base that acts as an insulator and protects axons

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22
Q

what forms white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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23
Q

what forms grey matter?

A

dendrites and cell bodies

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24
Q

what is the potential difference

A

electricity that exists across the cell membrane

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25
Q

there is a _______ charge on the inside of the cell, and a _______ charge on the outside

A

negative, positive

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26
Q

how is the charge of the cell changed?

A

by movement back and forth between the cell wall

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27
Q

what makes the inner cell more negative? (2)

A

the sodium-potassium pump and the ion leakage channel

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28
Q

what does the NaK pump do?

A

it brings in 2 K for every 3 Na it moves out

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29
Q

what do ion leak channels do?

A

allows more K to diffuse out than Na to diffuse in

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30
Q

what is the resting potential of a cell

A

-70 mV

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31
Q

why does potassium come into the cell?

A

the concentration gradient

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32
Q

what is depolarization?

A

when voltage moves away from the resting potential

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33
Q

what is repolarization?

A

when voltage moves towards resting potential

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34
Q

what is a result of depolarization

A

action potential

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35
Q

what is the action potential produced by

A

voltage-gated ion channels

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36
Q

what are the two voltage-gated channels?

A

sodium channels and potassium channels

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37
Q

when do the Na channels open rapidly?

A

when the threshold is reached

38
Q

what does an influx of Na do?

A

depolarizes the cell

39
Q

K channels open ______

A

slowly

40
Q

what does an efflux of K do?

A

repolarizes the cell

41
Q

action potential is a _______ of charges across the ________ with more _________ on the inside and more _______ on the outside

A

separation, membrane, potassium, sodium

42
Q

describe the voltage-gated ion channel

A

allows a rush of ions to come in or out once the threshold is reached

43
Q

what are the three phases of action potential

A

rising/depolarization, falling/repolarization, and undershoot

44
Q

what is intensity stimulated by?

A

frequency

45
Q

what is synapses

A

intercellular junctions

46
Q

which cells transmit action potential?

A

presynaptic cells

47
Q

which cells receive the action potential?

A

postsynaptic cells

48
Q

what do synapses allow?

A

contact between adjacent cells

49
Q

what are the two types of cell junctions?

A

electrical and chemical

50
Q

which type of junction is rare in vertebrates?

A

electrical

51
Q

what do gap junctions form?

A

direct cytoplasmic connections

52
Q

what does chemical synapses have between the cells

A

clefts

53
Q

what are neurotransmitters stored in?

A

presynapsis

54
Q

what does the action potential trigger?

A

calcium influx

55
Q

synaptic vesicles ____ with the cell membrane

A

fuse

56
Q

what are neurotransmitters released by?

A

excocytosis

57
Q

what is the vertebrate brain divided into, and what do they do?

A

the hindbrain, the largest portion, the midbrain, which processes visual information, and the forebrain, which processes olfactory info, such as smell.

58
Q

which is the dominant feature of the brain

A

forebrain

59
Q

what promotes movement in the cleft

A

calcium

60
Q

what helps protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

the meninges and cerebral spinal fluid

61
Q

what are the three layers of meninges and where are they

A

duramater-underneath the skull
arachnoid mater- between layers
piamater- surrounds the brain

62
Q

what are the two main elements of the forebrain?

A

deiriceptralon and telriceptialon

63
Q

what is in the dericeptialon and what do they do?

A

the thalamus integrates and relays, and the hypothalamus does basic drives/emotions and controls hormones

64
Q

what does the telericeptialon do?

A

deals with associative activity

65
Q

cerebrum size ______ in mammals

A

increases

66
Q

what is the cerebrum broken into

A

the right and left cerebral hemisphere

67
Q

what are the cerebral hemispheres connected by

A

corpus callosum

68
Q

what are the hemispheres divided into

A

the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.

69
Q

what does the frontal lobe do and contain?

A

contains the olfactory lobe and motor cortex, and deals with smell and movement

70
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

deals with speech and reading, somatosensory and proprioception

71
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

processes sound and memory through the hippocampus

72
Q

what do the occipital lobes do?

A

processes vision

73
Q

where do emotions and memory originate

A

the limbic system

74
Q

what are the regions of the limbic system

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

75
Q

what does amygdala process

A

fear and rage

76
Q

what does cingulate gyrus process

A

other emotions and pain

77
Q

what does the cerebellum control?

A

balance and motor skills

78
Q

where is the brainstem located?

A

underneath the brain, beginning at the thalamus

79
Q

what does the brainstem do?

A

regulates autonomic functions

80
Q

what does the brainstem allow communication with

A

cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord

81
Q

the brainstem is important for ______

A

survival

82
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

the thalamus, medulla oblongata, and poris

83
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

a cable of neurons extending from the brain through the backbone

84
Q

what is the spinal cord used for

A

moving information through the body, and relaying messages through the body and brain

85
Q

what is an example of a monosynaptic reflex

A

the knee jerk reaction

86
Q

what are most reflexes in in vertebrates

A

bisynaptic

87
Q

where are sensory neurons located

A

the dorsal root of the spinal nerve

88
Q

describe the cns and the pns

A
89
Q

describe the neurons

A
90
Q

describe the parts of the brain

A
91
Q

describe the knee jerk reaction

A

bio final (4 decks)

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