Respiratory system

Question 1

Overview respiratory system

Answer 1

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → bronchi(bronchus if refer single) → lobar bronchi → bronchioles→ lungs

Question 2

Respiratory function

Answer 2

Gas exchange

Question 3

Respiration

Answer 3

transfer of gases(O2/CO2) across membrane

Question 4

Conducting part(zone) airways

Answer 4

Nasal cavities → pharynx → Larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles(some)

No gas exchange

Question 5

Respiratory part(zone) airways

Answer 5

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts and sacs → alveoli

Gas exchange occurs

Question 6

Upper respiratory tract(anatomical)

Answer 6

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx

Question 7

Lower respiratory tract(anatomical)

Answer 7

Trachea → bronchi(bronchus if refer single) → lobar bronchi → bronchioles → alveolar ducts and sacs → alveoli

Question 8

breathing circle

Answer 8

Breathing in → Ventilatory pump(air) → external respiration air- blood → left cardiac pump(blood) → internal respiration blood - tissues → cellular respiration in cells(oxygen drop off) → CO2 in cell → internal respiration blood - tissues → right cardiac pump(blood) → external respiration air- blood → ventilatory pump(air) → breathing out

Question 9

Prepare the air for gas exchange

Answer 9

1. warm → 37 degree Celsius
2. clean → filter
3. Wet → humidify → 100% saturate water

Wet, warm, sticky

Question 10

Entering cavern of nasal cavity

Answer 10

Vibrissae(coarse hair- filter) → pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium + goblet cells

Question 11

turbinate

Answer 11

increase surface area of nasal cavity, mixes air(sup, mid, inf)

Question 12

Nasal septum

Answer 12

in between two side of turbinate

Question 13

sinus is big hole and connect nasal cavity with small hole

True or false

Answer 13

True

Question 14

When eating food

Answer 14

food will push soft palate closes nasopharynx

food also will push glottis closed, esophagus forced open

Question 15

three bronchi good for x-ray, MRI scan study

Answer 15

Main stem bronchi(primary)
Lobar bronchi(secondary)
Segmental bronchi(third)

Question 16

Epiglottis feature

Answer 16

Elastic Cartilage

Question 17

Three features of Terminal bronchioles

Answer 17

Conducting zone
No gas exchange
Terminates at terminal bronchioles

Question 18

Trachea supported by

Answer 18

incomplete “C-shaped” rings of cartilage

Question 19

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 19

involved mucociliary escalator → moves mucus(contain dust and other particles) either down or up towards the pharynx → swallowed/ spat out → remove mucus from respiratory system → carrying out filtration

Question 20

Bronchus(bronchi if refer two or more) VS bronchiole

Answer 20

Bronchiole: control air flow(same as arterioles control blood flow) → club cells(secrete watery(serous) fluid contain antimicrobial enzymes as opposed(against) to mucus)

Bronchus: can not really control air flow → cartilage and smooth muscle layer ineffective relate to the its size of tube(too small relative) → mucus glands → goblet cells

Question 21

Conducting zone

Answer 21

Trachea(0 generation) → Main stem bronchi(primary, 1 generation) → Lobar bronchi(secondary, 2 generation) → segmental bronchi(third, 3 generation) → smaller bronchi(4-9 generation) → Bronchioles(10-15 generation) → Terminal bronchioles(16-19 generation)

Question 22

Respiratory zone

Answer 22

Respiratory bronchioles(20-23 generation) → Alveolar ducts(24-27 generation) → Alveolar sacs(28 generation)

Question 23

Active process for inspiration and expiration

Answer 23

Inspiration → active process for both rest and exercise → external intercostal muscles + diaphragm → expand chest → always contract while inspiring

Expiration → active process only during exercise, passive process during rest

Question 24

Epithelial lining in bronchiole

Answer 24

Between Bronchus and Bronchiole transition is gradual → when bronchus move to bronchiole → less Pseudostratified columnar ciliated + more columnar ciliated

Bronchiole has epithelial lining is columnar ciliated

Question 25

Epithelial lining in Terminal bronchiole and transition to respiratory bronchiole

Answer 25

same as bronchiole → columnar ciliated

when terminal bronchiole move to respiratory bronchiole → less columnar ciliated → more cuboidal ciliated(respiratory bronchiole is cuboidal ciliated)

Question 26

Lung need negative pressure to sustain normal

True or False

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Why top and bottom of the lung have different intrapleural pressure?

Answer 27

Because Gravity! The mass of the lung will be pulled by gravity cause bottom of the lung have less negative intrapleural pressure

Question 28

Functional residual capacity is?

Answer 28

lung at the rest

Question 29

Right heart failure

Answer 29

Inflammation → Terminal bronchiole fill with mucus → constriction of airway → high resistance in airway → reduce ventilation of the alveoli → low PO2 in alveoli → vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle in pulmonary bronchiole → more blood will flow other well ventilation and high PO2 alveoli → less blood flows to this poor ventilation and low PO2 alveoli → hypoxia in the lungs → fibrosis → the lung will stiff → hard to inflate → pulmonary vasoconstriction → increase vascular resistance → pulmonary hypertension → lots of stresses on right ventricle → right ventricle pumping against high pressure(normally) → increase afterload in right ventricle → agonises pulmonary vasoconstriction → pulmonary oedema and further hypoxia(positive feedback) → shortness breath, swelling legs(due to venous blood congestion) → heart failure

Left heart failure also can cause right heart failure due to pulmonary vein congestion → increase afterload in right heart ventricle

Blood don’t want to go poor ventilation and low PO2 alveoli, they want to go well ventilation and high PO2 alveoli to pick up as much oxygen as possible

Question 30

hypoxia in systemic circulation

Answer 30

vasodilation(vasodilatation is like English style)

Question 31

hypoxia in the lung

Answer 31

Vasoconstriction