Neuron Flashcards
Striatum
Caudate Nucleus + Putamen
Caudate Nucleus + Putamen called
Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Internal + external
Substantia Nigra
Produce 95% dopamine
95% dopamine produce in?
Substantia Nigra
One of Parkinson disease treatment
Levo-dopa
Levo-dopa function
Chemically increase dopamine levels(precursor of dopamine, brain will make dopamine use enzyme)
Side effect of Levo-dopa
Schizophreia such as depression
Neurotransmitters in Basal Ganglia
GABA(-) + Glutamate(+)
Medial Lemniscus locate?
Lower pons
Gracile Nucleus + Cuneate Nucleus locate?
Lower Medulla
Internal Arcuate Fibres locate
Between Cuneate, Gracile nucleus and Medial Lemniscus
Third Neuron location in Medial Lemniscal system
From Thalamus to middle of brain hemisphere(medial view, check textbook)
Where free nerve(spinothalamic tract- pain + temperature) change pathway
Spinal cord
Left arm spastic paralysis
right side pons(middle of pons) position has spastic paralysis(upper motor neuron)
Right arm spastic paralysis
left side pons(middle of pons) position has spastic paralysis(upper motor neuron)
Flaccid paralysis locate?
lower motor neuron
Left body Flaccid paralysis
spinal cord damage(right brain control)
Right body Flaccid paralysis
spinal cord damage(left brain control)
Parkinson Disease
Substantia Nigra send not enough dopamine to striatum(Caudate + Putamen) to fill the striatum full cup, Glutamate send over dose to striatum from UMN cause excitotoxic, inhibitory neuron from striatum to Globus pallidus(internal) no longer inhibit inhibitory neuron from Globus pallidus(internal) to Thalamus(VA-VL). Therefore inhibit inhibitory neuron from Globus pallidus(internal) to Thalamus(VA-VL) fire without limit to inhibit VA-VL on UMN to decrease activity, therefore hypo-activity in peripheral and hypo-excitability in cortex. Therefore UMN decrease will decrease LMN to get difficult movement initiation.
Another treatment of Parkinson’s disease(surgical)
Pallidotomy
Side effect of Pallidotomy
If you cut both sides of Globus pallidus(internal) you will get Parkinson disease again
Deep Brain Stimulation
put probe in the brain(pacemaker in the brain to stimulate Globus Pallidus(internal)) to let brain back to normal activity
Hearing “please write note” give whole process
hearing sound → primary auditory cortex → Wernicke’s area → Arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → basal ganglia → Glutamate to striatum(Caudate nucleus + Putamen) → striatum to Globus pallidus internal via inhibitory neuron → Globus pallidus internal to thalamus VA-VL via inhibit neuron → thalamus VA-VL to Broca’s area → Upper motor neuron in primary motor cortex activate → UMN to LMN → writing → discriminative sensation → dorsal root → area 3+4(first neuron) → Gracile + Cuneate nucleus → crossing over in lower medulla via internal arcuate fibres → Medial Lemniscus(second neuron) → Thalamus VA-VL → Third neuron → Primary sensory cortex(middle part of cortex in textbook) → maybe use supramarginal + angular gyrus
Pia matter
spinal cord soft matter inside
Arachnoid matter
spinal cord middle matter
Dura matter
outside hard matter
Level of coccyx
Filum Terminale externum
Lumbar nerves
Filum terminale internum
Projection fibre
Internal capsule
Commissure fibre
corpus callosum
Association fibre
arcuate fasciculus
What is cingulate gyrus and where it locate
It is part of limbic system(emotion) and locate corpus callosum
Third ventricle location and function
Near thalamus and its function is transport cerespinal fluid(CSF)
Fourth ventricle location and function
between cerebellum and inferior temporal lobe
Its function is transport CSF
Forebrain(diencephalon)
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Third ventricle
Midbrain
Superior and inferior colliculi, cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles(carry info between spinal cord and cerebral cortex, between cortex and pons)
Hindbrain
Cerebellum, pons, medulla, fourth ventricle
