Reproduction

Question 1

Perimenopause

Answer 1

Vasomotor: Hot flushes, night sweat

mental: depression, anxiety, tension, loss of libido, mental confusion

Genitourinary symptoms: vaginal dryness, atrophic changes

Bone: osteoporosis

Question 2

sex determination

Answer 2

Male: mesonephric, Wolffian
Female: paramesonephric, Mullerian

Question 3

Male infertility

Answer 3

Oligospermia
Azoospermia
Immotile

Question 4

Treatment of azoospermia

Answer 4

Testicular biopsy + ICSI

Question 5

What situation use IVF?

Answer 5

Sperm amount reduced → but sperm still can motile(swim)

Question 6

what situation use ICSI?

Answer 6

Sperm unable to motile and azoospermia → biopsy take sperm from testes → ICSI inject into ova

Question 7

Result of Spermiogenesis

Answer 7

Fully mature sperm

Question 8

Hypothalamus(GnRH- Gonadotrophin releasing hormone) → Anterior Pituitary → Gonadotroph → FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) + LH(Luteinising hormone → (LH pathway) → blood stream → testes → bind receptor of Leydig cells(outside seminiferous tubules) → Testosterone(Dihydrotestosterone → second characteristics) → FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) pathway → blood stream → testes → bind receptor of Sertoli cell(inside seminiferous tubules) → Androgen binding protein(provide soluble in water for testosterone - can travel in blood) → Testosterone + Sertoli cells → Fully mature sperm(androgen binding protein binds to testosterone to support production of sperm) → Testosterone negative feedback to hypothalamus(level down GnRH produce) + anterior pituitary(Gonadotroph)(down regulate FSH and LH) → Inhibin(when FSH touch Sertoli cell, production) → anterior pituitary down regulate FSH

What is this process?

Answer 8

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogonia do not develop to sperm without testosterone

Question 9

Dihydrotestosterone can cause

Answer 9

aggressiveness, libedo hair growth, baldness

Question 10

Whole process about sperm ejection

Answer 10

Hypothalamus(GnRH- Gonadotrophin releasing hormone) → Anterior Pituitary → Gonadotroph → FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) + LH(Luteinising hormone → (LH pathway) → blood stream → testes → bind receptor of Leydig cells(outside seminiferous tubules) → Testosterone(Dihydrotestosterone → second characteristics) → FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) pathway → blood stream → testes → bind receptor of Sertoli cell(inside seminiferous tubules) → Androgen binding protein(provide soluble in water for testosterone - can travel in blood) → Testosterone + Sertoli cells → Fully mature sperm(androgen binding protein binds to testosterone to support production of sperm) → Testosterone negative feedback to hypothalamus(level down GnRH produce) + anterior pituitary(Gonadotroph)(down regulate FSH and LH) → Inhibin(when FSH touch Sertoli cell, production) → anterior pituitary down regulate FSH → Sperm into seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → efferent duct → epididymis(sperm can motile and fertilize in this stage, also reabsorbed liquid from around to concentrated) → Ductus vas deferens(45 cm long, store couple month) → Ejaculatory duct(over urinary bladder) with seminal vesicles[alkaline, fructose as energy(push sperm to the ovary & uterine), prostaglandins, clotting proteins(stick on vagina to make sure fertilize occurs), after sperm ejected from ductus vas deferens, the content of seminal vesicles empty immediately wash sperm down the ejaculatory duct(push force)] and prostate[prostate fluid(acidic, milky colour, phosphate and calcium, citrate for ATP, prostate specific antigen and some enzymes, neutralised in semen) into urethra during ejaculation] → prostate urethra(20 cm long), sperm, content of seminal vesicle, prostate fluid → urethra → ejaculation

Question 11

Erection release?

Answer 11

NO and prostaglandin E1

Question 12

Erection

Answer 12

Blood fills cavernous spaces of corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum → NO and prostaglandin E1 relax smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa → erection(erect penis contains 8 times blood volume of flaccid penis)

Question 13

Relax smooth muscle in corpora cavernosa require cGMP(Guanosine Monophosphate, also is second messenger reduce intracellular calcium), phosphodiesterase breaks down GMP

True or False?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Viagra principle

Answer 14

inhibits phosphodiesterase(type 5) → increase GMP(guanosine monophosphate) → relax artery(vasodilation) → blood go to corpora cavernosa → erection