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BMS2011 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major organ that dominates the mediastinum?

A

Heart.

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2
Q

What is the function of pleura?

A
  • Offers protection for lungs.
    • Prevent infection during air respiration.
      Offers lubrication when thoracic cavity expands as air gets into lungs when you’re breathing in.
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3
Q

What is the parietal pleura and hilum of lungs continuous with?

A

Parietal pleura and hilum of lungs are continuous with visceral pleura.

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4
Q

What is the function of the thoracic wall, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles in respiration?

A

Thoracic wall, diaphragm and muscles of respiration and other muscles (intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles): Helps to change volume of thorax and allow for air to get in and out of lungs.

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5
Q

Describe all the changes in position of thorax during quiet and deep breathing.

A

When taking deep breath or quiet breath: Increase volume of thorax by compressing diaphragm -> elevate ribs -> move sternum anteriorly ans superiorly.

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6
Q

What does the pericardium aspect attach to?

A

Pericardium attaches to middle aspect of large tendon.

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7
Q

What does the diaphragm inferiorly attach to? And via what does it attach to that?

A

Diaphragm inferiorly attaches to the lumbar vertebrate via crus.
Which part of lumbar vertebra do the crus attach to?
Right crus attaches third lumbar vertebra.
Left crus attaches to second lumbar vertebra.

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8
Q

What structures penetrate diaphragm to descend from thorax to abdomen?

A

Structures that penetrate diaphragm to descend from thorax to abdomen:

- Inferior vena cava
- Esophagus
- Descending aorta
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9
Q

What does the inferior vena cava, esophagus and aorta pass to, and at which vertebral level.

A

Inferior vena cava passes to central tendon at T8 vertebra level.
Esophagus will pass via hiatus (as labelled by me) from thorax to abdomen level of T10 vertebra.
Aorta will pass through to abdomen at level of T12 vertebra.

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10
Q

What does the aorta above and below diaphragm called?

A

Aorta above diaphragm = thoracic aorta

Aorta below diaphragm = abdominal aorta.

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11
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Diaphragm is innervated by phrenic nerve.

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12
Q

Which spinal routes is the origin of phrenic nerve from?

A

Origins of phrenic nerve from spinal routes C3, 4 and 5.

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13
Q

Transection of spine cord above which C3 level requires artificial respiration.

A

Any transection of spine cord above C3 level requires artificial respiration.

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14
Q

Which branches does blood supply of diaphragm happen?

A

Blood supply of the diaphragm happens via the branches of the superior and inferior phrenic artery.

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15
Q

What are the roles of external and internal intercostal muscles in respiration. Also describe shape of muscles and their location.

A
  • Active inspiration
  • Fibres of the external intercoastal muscles are oblique and sort of pass anteriorly and inferiorly.
  • Active expiration
  • Fibres pass posteriorly and inferiorly.
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16
Q

What are the general roles of intercostal muscles?

A
  • Creating tone of thoracic wall.
    • Prevent rupture
    • Resist separation of ribs during breathing.
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17
Q

What are the intercoastal muscles innervated by?

A

Intercoastal muscles innervated via the intercoastal nerves.

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18
Q

Which muscles are involved in vigorous inspiration (during exercise) and what are the roles of these muscles?

A
  • Scalenes muscles stabilize first ribs
  • External intercostal muscles contract & expand the
    thoracic cavity
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19
Q

Which muscles are involved in vigorous exhalation, and what are the roles of these muscles?

A

Internal intercostal muscles depress the ribs

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20
Q

Which muscles are involved in VERY vigorous inspiration, and what are the roles of these muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid (XI, Accessory nerve C3, C4)

& scalenes muscles elevate thorax.

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21
Q

Which muscles are involved in very rigorous exhalation, and what are the roles of these muscles?

A
  • Internal intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis
    depress the ribs
  • Abdomical muscles compress abdominal contents &
    reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity
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22
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consists of?

A
  • Nose
    • Nasal cavity
    • Oral cavity
    • Pharynx
    • Larynx
    • Paranasal sinuses
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23
Q

What do the nasal and oral cavity communicate with?

A

Nasal cavity communicates with pharynx.

Oral cavity communicates with oropharynx

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24
Q

What is the role of upper respiratory system?

A

Filtration of air that we inhale.

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25
Q

What are the types of sinuses:

A

Frontal ones: located superiorly and medially to orbit.
Maxillary ones: Inferior to orbit. Anterior laterally to maxilla.
Sphenoidal sinuses

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26
Q

What is the function of meatuses?

A

These meatuses help the air to stay longer and become more turbulent when it acts in the nasal cavity.

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27
Q

What is the function of configuration of conchae?

A

The configuration of conchae in meatus help the air to stay long in nasal cavity and help to increase surface area during respiration.

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28
Q

What is the process of respiration in pharynx? And what is the function of larynx (what does it facilitate)?

A

Air goes to oropharynx -> to laryngopharynx -> down to larynx.
Larynx will facilitate speaking.

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29
Q

Describe the structure of Pharynx?

A

Muscular tube with 2 layers of skeletal muscle.

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30
Q

What are the functions of the 2 layers of skeletal muscle in pharynx?

A

Help to propel the food that facilitates swallowing for digestion.

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31
Q

What is the function of nasal pharynx?

A

It participates solely in respiration. You breathe air through nose -> get in nasal cavity -> nasal pharynx -> down to oropharynx.

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32
Q

What is the function of oropharynx?

A

Participates in respiration and digestion. It receives air inhaled via mouth and also receives food you pass from oral cavity to pharynx during swallowing.

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33
Q

What is the process of respiration in pharynx? And what is the function of larynx (what does it facilitate)?

A

Air goes to oropharynx -> to laryngopharynx -> down to larynx.
Larynx will facilitate speaking.

34
Q

What is the process during digestion?

A

Food will pass from laryngopharynx -> esophagus.

Esophagus is located posteriorly to trachea.

35
Q

What is one of the functions of epiglottis to avoid choking?

A

It has ability to move and close Rima glottis so that food from pharynx doesn’t go down into larynx.

36
Q

Where do all muscles meet posteriorly? What is this structure called?

A

Pharyngeal raphe.

37
Q

Which muscles are elevators of pharynx?

A
  • Salpingopharyngeus muscle
    • Palatopharyngeus muscle
    • Stylopharyngeus muscle
38
Q

How does swallowed food move through the area of the pharynx?

A

Tongue pushes particles through oropharyngeal isthmus -> pharyngeal muscles squeeze food through oropharynx -> laryngopharaynx -> the soft plate elevate, and then inferior constrictor muscles squeeze food down esophagus.

39
Q

Arytenoid cartilages are attachment points for which type of ligaments?

A

Vocal and vestibular ligaments.

40
Q

What is the name of the structure that suspends cuneiform cartilage?

A

Quadrangular membrane (fibroelastic membrane of larynx).

41
Q

Where do the vestibular ligaments run between?

A

Apical processes of arytenoid -> middle internal aspect of thyroid cartilage.

42
Q

Where are the vestibular ligaments thickened?

A

In inferior edges of quadrangular membrane.

43
Q

What is the position of vestibular ligaments in comparison to vocal ligaments?

A

Lateral to vocal ligaments.

44
Q

Where do the vocal ligaments run between?

A

Run from vocal process of arytenoid cartilage -> get into thyroid cartilage.

45
Q

What is the function of rima glottis in respiration?

A

Rima glottis is where air goes to travel down from larynx into trachea.

46
Q

What is the function of epiglottis in movement of food?

A

Epiglottis can move to blocks opening of rima glottis -> therefore food does not pass down into larynx and goes into trachea.

47
Q

What in the vocal ligaments produces sounds?

A

Vibration of vocal ligaments.

48
Q

What is the role of folds in vestibular ligament:

A

they are used to support the larygnx and support of the vocal folds

49
Q

What happens to rima glottis when you’re breather quietly and a bit faster?

A

When you’re breathing quietly, rima glottis is opened. When you’re breathing a bit faster, Rima glottis opens to facilitate more to pass down into trachea.

50
Q

What happens to rima glottis when you’re eating food, and swallowing?

A

Epiglottis reflex closes opening of rima glottis so that food does not pass down the larynx and get down to trachea.

51
Q

What happens if food passes down larynx?

A

It gets trapped into right bronchi.

52
Q

What happens to rima glottis and vocal folds when you’re speaking?

A

Air forced into rima glottis cause vibrations of vocal folds.

53
Q

Describe structure of trachea?

A

Flexible, fibrocartilaginous tube.

54
Q

What does the trachea connect to?

A

Runs from C6 to T4/5, where it bifurcates into primary bronchi.

55
Q

What is the area where trachea bifurcates to left and right primary bronchus called? What level is it located?

A
  • Carina

- Level of T5.

56
Q

What is the function of trachea? Why does it have to remain open?

A

To transport air from larynx down into bronchi, and therefore it has to remain open for this reason.

57
Q

What is the shape of hyaline cartilage in Trachea?

A
  • U-shaped hyaline cartilage.
58
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage in trachea?

A

It gives the anterior and lateral aspects of trachea its rigidity.

59
Q

Posterior part of trachea is not enclosed by cartilages, so what does it have? What is the function of this?

A
  • Trachealis muscle.

- Facilitates expansion of oesophagus.

60
Q

What are the anterior and lateral walls of trachea connected by?

A

Annular ligaments.

61
Q

Compare the sizes of right and left bronchus? Why is this the case?

A

Right bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertically oriented than the left one. Due to presence of liver underneath the diaphragm, which pushes lung.

62
Q

Left one is more longer and horizontal. The heart sits on cardiac notch.

A

And for this reason, left lung is longer.

63
Q

If food passes down larynx and trachea, will it end up in left or right primary bronchus? What would it cause?

A
  • Right bronchus

- It will cause foreign body obstructions.

64
Q

How many lobes and branches do right and left bronchus have?

A

Right one has 3 lobes. Left one has 2 lobes.

Right one has 3 branches. Left one has 2 branches.

65
Q

What do the secondary bronchi branch into? And what part of the lung do they supply? What does this branch into?

A
  • Segmental bronchi.
    • They supply bronchopulmonary segments of lung.
    • Segmental bronchi -> smaller bronchi -> bronchioles.
66
Q

What is the structure of right lung?

A

Both left and right lung are conical
Base is concave.
Lobes divided by oblique and horizontal fissure.

67
Q

What happens at the hilum?

A

Hilum is where primary bronchi and blood vessels get into lungs.

68
Q

What is the structure of left lung?

A

One fissure; oblique fissure.

69
Q

Which area do the route of the lungs enter?

A

Hilum

70
Q

Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important? Can they be removed safely in clinical procedure?

A

Because they have their own bronchi, arteries and veins, and can be removed safely in clinical procedure.

71
Q

What is the area that route of lung pass and into hilum?

A

The bronchi, arteries and vein.

72
Q

Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important? Can they be removed safely in clinical procedure?

A

Because they have their own bronchi, arteries and veins, and can be removed safely in clinical procedure.

73
Q

Blood rich in oxygen leaves the lung via what?

A

Pulmonary veins, 4 in total.

2 in each lung.

74
Q

How the blood goes from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

A
  • Pulmonary veins takes oxygen with blood straight to left atrium of heart -> left ventricle -> From this, oxygen rich blood that has been oxygenated in lungs will go to aorta -> from aorta, it will supply with blood all of the systems and organs and tissues in our body.
75
Q

Blood rich in oxygen leaves the lung via what?

A

Pulmonary veins, 4 in total.

2 in each lung.

76
Q

How the blood goes from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. What do we call this system?

A
  • Pulmonary veins takes oxygen with blood straight to left atrium of heart -> left ventricle -> From this, oxygen rich blood that has been oxygenated in lungs will go to aorta -> from aorta, it will supply with blood all of the systems and organs and tissues in our body.
    • Segway system.
77
Q

How does blood go from organs to heart and then to lungs, when it becomes poor in oxygen?

A

Blood from organs goes to -> heart (to right atrium) -> To right ventricle -> Through pulmonary trunk it goes to pulmonary arteries -> To lungs for oxygenation.

78
Q

What is the general role of veins and arteries in terms of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in heart and lungs?

A

In heart:
Arteries carry oxygen rich blood.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood.

In lungs:
Pulmonary artery carries oxygen poor blood from heart to lungs.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart.

79
Q

What is the pulmonary and systemic circuit?

A

Pulmonary circuit: Pumps blood from the right side of the heart through pulmonary vessels, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart. Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

Systemic circuit: Pumps blood from the left side of the heart, through systemic vessels in peripheral tissues, and back to the right side of the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

80
Q

What is the bronchial circulation? Is oxygen rich or oxygen poor blood carried in this type of circulation?

A

Component of systemic circulation.
Consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply bronchi and bronchioles of lungs, it carries oxygen rich blood to bronchi and bronchioles.

81
Q

What do the bronchial arteries branch off from and which structures do they supply?

A

Branch off from anterior wall of descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in bronchial tree.

82
Q

What is the whole process of bronchial circulation?

A

Branch off from thoracic descending aorta -> then bronchial veins collect oxygen poor blood and drain into other veins -> veins gets back into vena cava -> back into heart for oxygenation.

BMS2011 (14 decks)

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