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BMS2011 > BMS2011 Nervous system 2 > Flashcards

BMS2011 Nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main arteries of brain that supply it with blood supply?

A
  • Internal carotid arteries

- Vertebral arteries

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the circle of Willis and its major function.

A

Ring-like connections located at base of the brain.
Function:
- Arterial blood from two vertebral arteries and two internal carotid arteries.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of Anastomosis?

A

Alternative blood supplies to brain in case of damage in one of the arteries supplying to brain.

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4
Q

What happens if one of the internal carotid or vertebral arteries is damaged?

A

Blood flows from other artery (since 2).

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5
Q

Which parts of the brain do posterior, middle and anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Posterior cerebral artery: Back part
Middle cerebral artery: Middle of the brain.
Anterior cerebral artery: Front and medial part of brain.

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6
Q

Which arteries is cerebrum, cerebellum and pons being supplied by?

A 
Cerebrum:
	- Anterior cerebral artery 
	- Middle cerebral artery 
	- Posterior cerebral artery 
Cerebellum: 
	- Superior cerebellar artery 
	- Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 
Pons: 
Pontine arteries (these branch off from basilar artery.
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7
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies + glial cells

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8
Q

What is the role of sensory ganglia?

A

Controlling transmission of sensory information into central nervous system.

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9
Q

What is the role of autonomic ganglia?

A

Control motor function of viscera.

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10
Q

Cranial nerve name pnemonic:

Whether sensory, motor or both pnemonic:

A

On Olfactory
Occasion Optic Nerve
Our Oculomotor nerve
Trusty Trochlear
Truck Trigeminal
Acts Abducens
Funny Facial
Very Vestibulocochlear
Good Glossopharyngeal
Vehicle Vagus
Any Accessory
How Hypoglossal

Some                      Sensory 
Say                          Sensory 
Marry                       Motor 
Money                      Motor 
But                           Both 
My                             Motor 
Brother                      Both 
Says                          Sensory 
Big                             Both 
Brains                         Both 
Matter                        Motor 
More                          Motor
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11
Q

Where is the olfactory nerve found?

A

Above cribriform plate and ethmoid bone.

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12
Q

What is the olfactory nerve responsible for?

A

Sense of smell (olfaction)

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13
Q

Which part of the brain is the olfactory nerve?

A

Forebrain; atypical tract

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14
Q

Which part of the brain is the optic nerve?

A

Forebrain: Atypical tract of forebrain.

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15
Q

What is the role of the optic nerve?

A

What is the role of the optic nerve?

Transfers visual info from retina to visual centres of the brain.

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16
Q

List all the steps in which visual info is transferred to primary visual cortex.

A

Runs thru optic nerve -> decussates at optic chiasm -> visual proceeds to optic tract -> synapse in the thalamus -> info to primary visual cortex.

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17
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve, and what does it innervate?

A

Innervates extrinsic eye muscles

- Movement of eye 
- Raising eyelid

Innervates intrinsic eye muscles:
- Pupillary contraction
Accommodation (focus on nearby objects, e.g. reading).

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18
Q

What is the function of trochlear nerve, what does it innervate?

A

Innervates superior oblique muscle

- Controls eye movements, like internal rotation of the eye.

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19
Q

What is the only cranial nerve that exits the brain stem on the dorsal surface?

A

Trochlear nerve.

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20
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve? What do these division innervate, and what are the functions of each of the division they innervate?

A

V1 Ophthalmic region
- Controlling sensory info from ophthalmic zone
V2 Maxillary region
- Takes sensory info from maxillary zone.
V3 Mandibular region:
- takes sensory info from mandibular region and anterior tongue.
Muscles of chewing.

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21
Q

What does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

Innervates lateral rectus muscle of eye.

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22
Q

Which nerves innervate eye muscles?

A

Nerves 3 (Oculomotor nerve), 4 (Trochlear nerve) and 6 (abducens nerves)

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23
Q

What does the facial nerve innervate? And what are its functions (if any

A

Muscles of facial expression

Anterior 2/3 of tongue -> taste.

Parasympathetic output to saliva glands -> output of saliva glands.

24
Q

What are the two major nerves of vestibulocochlear nerve? And what are their roles?

A

Cochlear nerve: auditory information

Vestibular nerve: Sense of balance

25
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate? What are their functions if any.

A

Sensory:

- Tonsils, Pharynx, middle ear (general sensory info; general sensory information
- Posterior 1/3 of tongue (taste) 
- Visceral sensory info from carotid sinus and body

Motor:

- Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle (dilates pharynx during swallowing). 
- Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland.
26
Q

What does the Vagus nerve innervate?

A

Sensory:
- Info from internal organs (pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract)
Motor:
- Innervation to muscles to pharynx and larynx

Parasympathetic innervation to visceral smooth muscle, heart, lungs, trachea and abdominal organs.

27
Q

What does the accessory nerve innervate?

A

Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.

28
Q

What does hypoglossal nerve innervate? What is the function of the muscle it innervates?

A

Innervates tongue muscles -> Talk

29
Q

What type of information do spinal nerves carry?

A
  • Motor info from spinal cord to body

- Sensory info from body to spinal cord

30
Q

When does the formation of vertebrae occur?

A

Embryogenesis.

31
Q

What do somites develop into?

A

Vertebrae and musculature of body.

32
Q

What forms the side of the neural tube?

A

Somites form either side of neural tube.

33
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

Dorsal root ganglia with sensory neuron inside.

34
Q

How do somites help sensory ganglion and nerve?

A
  • Constrain sensory ganglion location.
    • Control movement of neural crest cells
    • Constrain nerve location
35
Q

Compare the location of dorsal root ganglia and exiting spinal nerves (like are they in same or different planes? What do they intersect?

A
  • Same plane

Intersect somites.

36
Q

Where does the spinal nerve come out from?

A

Anterior part of somite.

37
Q

What happens as the vertebrae forms in relation to the anterior and posterior part of vertebrae?

A

Anterior of vertebrae joins with posterior part.

38
Q

What do nerves run between in vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral foramina.

39
Q

There are 8 cervical nerves and 7 cervical vertebrae. Why is this the case?

A

Splitting of 1st vertebrae
- Splitting of if first vertebrae. 1st nerve pair below base of occipital bone and above 1st cervical vertebrae -> Can’t name that.
Therefore one below C7 vertebrae is called C8.

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies that control sensory information located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia.

41
Q

How is sensory information mediated?

A

Info comes from dorsal root ganglia-> goes through dorsal root (dorsal or posterior part) of spinal cord and synapses or can send fibres to dorsal column -> info will straight to brain stem and synapse -> to thalamus -> somatosensory cortex (to tell that you’ve touched something

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies that control motor information?

A

Ventral/anterior part of spinal cord.

43
Q

How is motor information mediated?

A

Info from primary motor cortex (upper motor neurons) ->info through corticospinal tract -> projection fibres -> brain stem -> spinal cord -> make synapse onto neurons in ventral horn -> dendrites receive input -> axons sent out of ventral horn -> joined together with sensory info in mixed spinal nerve.

44
Q

Where does all the motor information come out of?

A

Ventral horn.

45
Q

What do the projection fibres synapse to? This is for motor control.

A

Neurons in ventral horn.

46
Q

What is the innervation of limbs complicated by?

A
  • Involvement of multiple segments (somites) that contribute to each limb.
47
Q

Do limbs have only ventral regions?

A

No, also dorsal.

48
Q

Can limbs rotate?

A

yes

49
Q

What are plexus?

A
  • “Mixed up” nerves that have exited from intervertebral foramen and go to limbs
50
Q

What shape do upper limbs grow in?

A

Spiral shape.

51
Q

What does embryonic development do to change to nerves that form the plexus?

A

Nerves split-> come together -> split and separate to form plexus.

52
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system referred to as?

A

A “two neuron system”

53
Q

How do axons go to target organs in autonomic nervous system? Where is the preganglionic neuron found?

A

Preganglionic nerve (in central nervous system; grey matter) -> Sends axon to peripheral nervous system to sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglion -> synapse to post-ganglionic neuron (located in autonomic ganglia) -> send axon to target organ.

54
Q

What are the differences in length of pre and post ganglionic neuron in sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

A

Sympathetic: shorter pre-ganglionic, longer post-ganglionic -> sympathtic ganglia closer to spinal cord
Parasympathetic: longer pre-ganglionic, shorter post-ganglionic -> sympathtic ganglia closer to target organ.

55
Q

Where are preganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons found?

A
  • Thoracic/lumbar

- Brainstem/sacrum

56
Q

Describe the process in which target organs are innervated in both sympathetic nervous system.

A
  • Neurons sends axons to ganglia (including sympathetic chain ganglia) -> post-ganglionic neurons innervate organs.

BMS2011 (14 decks)

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