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BMS2011 > BMS2011 Nervous system 1 > Flashcards

BMS2011 Nervous system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Complex collection of specialised cells (neurons and glia). Transmit signals b/w diff parts of the body.

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2
Q

The nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions. What happens in Sensory division?

A

Detecting input from environment:

  • Info from receptors to CNS
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3
Q

The nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions. What happens in the visceral sensory division?

A

Responding to info from inside body:

- Nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to CNS

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4
Q

The nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions. What are the divisions of the sensory division? What happens in somatic sensory division?

A

Sensing:

  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Pressure
  • Vibration
  • Temperature
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5
Q

The nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions. What happens in the motor division?

A

Brain controlling movement:

- Motor impulses from brain to muslces

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6
Q

The nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions. What happens in somatic motor division?

A

Voluntary control of muscles:

- nerve impulses from CNS -> skeletal muscles

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7
Q

The nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions. What happens in autonomic motor division? What are the divisions of autonomic motor division?

A

Innervates internal organs. Eg. smooth, cardiac muscles, glands
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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8
Q

What does the middle region ectoderm form?

A

Middle region of ectoderm -> neural plate -> neural tube

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9
Q

What are the steps of the development of central nervous system (so like development of neural tube and stuff)

A

1) . Tissue in middle folds.
2) . Sides of tissue elevate -> rest of it developes into epidermal ectoderm.
3) . Sides lift up
4) . sides close -> Forms tube structure, ectoderm crosses over the top.

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10
Q

What are the three brain vesicles? What do they subdivide into?

A

Forebrain -> Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Midbrain -> stays as one
HIndbrain -> Metencephalon and Myelencephalon.

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11
Q

Kinda dense memorisation wise:
What do the five secondary brain vesicles divide into? So the Telencephalon and Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon and Myelencephalon.

A 
Telencephalon -> Cerebrum 
Diencephalon -> Eye cup, Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. 
Mesecephalon -> Mid brain 
Metencephalon -> Pons, Cerebellum 
Mycelphalon -> medulla oblangata.
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12
Q

Evolutionarily speaking, is the telencephalon the newest or oldest part of the brain.

A

Newest.

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13
Q

What is the largest part of the brain, Telencephalon and Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon and Myelencephalon?

A

Telencephalon

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14
Q

Name the folds of the Telencephalon? What is the function of the folds?

A
  • Gyri and Sulci

- maximize surface area -> more processing power.

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15
Q

What are the left and right cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

corpus callosum

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16
Q

The cerebrum is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres, by a line that is called…

A

Longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

What is the external surface of the cerebrum called? What does it compose of?

A
  • Cortex; Grey matter

- Houses neurona cell bodies; dendrites, axon terminals, and also unmyelinated axons

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18
Q

What part does grey matter surround? And what is this part composed of?

A
  • White matter

- Houses myelinated axons.

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19
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A
  • personality
  • behaviour,/emotions
  • planning
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20
Q

In the frontal lobe, what sits at the pre-central gyrus? What does it contain? And what is the role of this thing it contains?

A
  • Upper motor neurons; controls body movements, so voluntary somatic motor systems.
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21
Q

Where is broca’s area found? And what is its function?

A
  • Frontal cortex (at the side)

- speech

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22
Q

Where is parietal lobe found. What is parietal lobe involved in? Like its role.

A
  • Posterior to post-central sulcus.
  • Sense of touch, pain and temp
  • Language processing
  • Combining and visual and auditory info.
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23
Q

What is the most posterior part of the lobe called?

It contains …. cortex. What is this cortex responsible for?

A
  • occipital lobe
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Vision; colour, light movement.
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24
Q

Where is temporal lobe located? It contains … cortex. What is this cortex responsible for?

A
  • Right next to ear.
  • Primary auditory cortex.
  • processess auditory info
  • Also processes auditory and visual info together
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25
Q

What is the the name of the sulcus located above temporal lobe?

A
  • Lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure.
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26
Q

Where is the insula cortex found? What is it responsible for?

A
  • Deep to frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.

- processing visceral (organs) sensation, taste and vestibular info (sense of balance, spatial orientation).

27
Q

In somatotopic mapping, are the parts of the body relative to size and shape of body organ in primary motor and somatosensory cortex? If not, then what is it relative to? Which regions have highest control?

A

Primary motor and somatosensory cortex: relative to the amount of control that we have.

Motor: hands, tongue and face
Somatosensory: Hands, lips (teeth gum and jaw), Tongue and eye.

28
Q

Underneath cortex, we have a myelinated axons. How are they organised? What are the three fibres that the (ans to question) connects.

A
  • Myelinated axons organised as axon tracts.
  • Association fibres -> Different regions and lobes of hemisphere.
  • Commissural fibres -> Left and right hemispheres.
  • Projection fibres -> Brain and spinal cord connection.
29
Q

What is decussation?

A
  • Crossing over.
  • sensory and motor information relating to one side of the body is processed by the opposite side of the brain
  • E.g. left visual field, goes to the right side of the brain
30
Q

Where are Basal ganglia found? What do they contain? What is their role?

A
  • Deep within Telencephalon
  • They contain cell bodies of neurons
  • Voluntary motor control; Walking
31
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located?

A
  • Rostral, medial to cerebrum.

- Around third ventricle

32
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon? What are their roles?

A
  • Thalamus: Relay of sensory info -> small nuclei aggregations.
  • Hypothalamus: homeostatic control and endocrine regulation
  • Epithalamus/Pineal gland: regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
33
Q

There’s two thalami on either side of third ventricle, what is the pt called in which they are connected?

A

inter-thalamic adhesion.

34
Q

Which region does Mesencephalon (mid-brain) connect?

A

Forebrain and hindbrain.

35
Q

What regions does the cerebral aqueduct in mesencephalon connect?

A

Larger ventricles in forebrain with ventricle in hindbrain.

36
Q

Where is the tectum in relation to the cerebral aqueduct.

A

Dorsal to it.

37
Q

How many bumps in the tectum? What are the names?

A

2 superior colliculus and 2 inferior colliculus.

38
Q

What is the role of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus?

A

Superior - process visual reflexes

Inferior - process auditory reflexes.

39
Q

Where is the tegmentum in relation to the cerebral aqueducts?

A

Ventral to it.

40
Q

What is the function of tengmentum? What components does the tegmentum have? And what are their functions?

A

Tegmentum: integration of info for involuntary motor commands (eye-movements, sleep-wake cycle).
It has:
- Substantia nigra (part of basal ganglia): controlling aspects of eye movement
- Red nucleus: Controls postural movements without having to think.

41
Q

What are cerebral penduncles and what is its function?

A
  • White matter tracts going to brainstem and spinal cord

- Carries info from cortex to brainstem and and spinal cord -> controls motor function.

42
Q

In anatomical terms, where is the myelencephalon in the hindbrain?

A

Caudal part of hindbrain.

43
Q

What does the myelencephalon form?

A

Medulla oblongata.

44
Q

Describe structure of medulla oblongata and their functions

A

Nuclei:

- Control respiration, cardiovascular function (heart rate, vessel dilation), vomiting, coughing and sneezing. 
- synapse for sensory info that go to brain. 
- Olivary nucleus: Controls motor function.
45
Q

Describe the anatomy of a spinal cord.

A
  • Continuous with brain stem at medulla oblongata
    • Changes to being called spinal cord at foramen magnum.
    • Extends to L1/2
      Peripheral nerves extend through intervertebral foramen.
46
Q

What does grey and white matter in axon tracts contain?

A

Grey: Neuronal cell bodies for processing.
White: Axon tracts that are ascending with sensory info to brain or descending from brain and containing motor info to control periphery.

47
Q

What is the difference in terms of white and Gray matter b/w brain and spinal cord?

A

Brain: Grey matter on outside, white inside.

Spinal cord: Grey matter inside, white matter outside.

48
Q

Describe the structure (shape and size) of grey and white matter

A
  • “butterfly” like shape, prganised in axon tracts.
    • Size of grey and white matter varies along spine; more white and less grey matter at top, and more grey and less white matter at base.
49
Q

Why does the relative grey and white matter size vary?

A

More axon tracts -> bringing more info from brain and taking sensory info to brain at the top (cervical areas) -> More white matter.

50
Q

What is the ventricular system associated with spinal cord called?

A

Central canal.

51
Q

What are meninges?

A

Connective tissues that surround the spinal cord to protect it.

52
Q

What are the three layers of meninges? Describe their structure and function:

A

Dura mater (outer layer): Tough two layers (meningeal and periosteal layer) around brain of connective tissue, and provides no space b/w skull and dura mater.

Arachnoid mater:

- Adhered to dura mater -> no space b/w them
- Has trabeculae that extend from arachnoid mater to next layer (pia mater). 
- There's space within arachnoid trabeculae called, subarachnoid space -> contains cerebrospinal fluid to support brain.

Pia mater:
- Next to brain tissue.
- Tender soft layer
Follows sulci and gyri in and out of brain.

53
Q

Do brain and spinal cord have same meningeal layers?

A

Same layers as brain in spinal cord:

Dura mater, arachnoid mater (also cerebrospinal fluid in sub arachnoid space) and pia mater.

54
Q

What’s the space between periosteum and dur mater called?

A

What’s the space between periosteum and dur mater called?

55
Q

Where is adipose tissue located in spinal cord?

A

B/w periosteum and dura mater.

56
Q

How does epidural anaesthetic work? Does it anaesthetise other regions as well?

A

How does epidural anaesthetic work? Does it anaesthetise other regions as well?

57
Q

If anaesthetic went into cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space, would it anaesthetise only that specific region?

A

It would disperse more -> anaesthetise broader region.

58
Q

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space?

A
  • Fluid in ventricles -> Provides protection and support for brain.
    • Removal of metabolic waste.
59
Q

How is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A
  • Produced through filtration.

- Created by choroid plexus and in lateral and fourth ventricles.

60
Q

Describe structure or position of ventricles in the brain. How does CSF move through ventricles?

A
  • Lateral ventricle has component called horns
    • Third ventricle is in b/w parts of diencephalon (b/w thalamus particularly)
    • Fourth ventricle in hindbrain.

Starts at lateral ventricle (has a component called horns) -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> Fourth ventricle -> central canal -> using foraminal openings, move into subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord -> CSF will move back into circulation (one -way pathway) from the subarachnoid space, through projections and from the arachnoid mater into spaces in the Dural sinuses.

61
Q

Is CSF separated from vascular system?

A

yes.

62
Q

What is the function of tight junctions in choroid plexus?

A

Prevent movement of other components of blood into the cerebrospinal fluid.

63
Q

What are the four connections of the spinal cord, and what is their structure and function?

A

Denticulate ligaments: Little extensions of pia mater that attach to dura.
(Pia mater is adhered to spinal cord; function: keep spinal cord from moving sideways)

Lumbar cistern: subarachnoid space below L1/2 which does not contain spinal cord.

Filum terminale: Extension of pia mater.
- Going down from inferior tip of spinal cord (conus medullaris) to coccyx to hold spinal cord in place.

Cauda equina: dorsal and ventral roots that exit between vertebrae to form spinal nerves.

BMS2011 (14 decks)

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