Respiratory Regulation During Exercise and Adaptation Flashcards
Inspiration - Rest and Exercise Muscles
Rest (Diaphram and External Intercostal)
Exercise (SCM, Scalenes, Upper Trap)
Expiration - Rest and Exercise Muscles
Rest (Passive)
Exercise (Abdominals and Internal Intercostal Muscles)
Pulmonary Ventilation
Air in/Out of Lungs
Ve = TV x f
Pulmonary Diffusion
Exhange of gases
Depends on partial pressure, solubility and temperature
Anatomical Dead Space
- Space in which O2 and CO2 gasses are not exchanged across the alveolar membrane in the repsiratory tract
- ~150 ml
Partial Pressure of Air
% of Element x Atmospheric pressure = Partial Pressure
Ex: .2093 (O2) x 760 mmHg (sea level) = 159.068
PO2 and PCO2 in blood
Lung: 159mmHg PO2 and 0.2 mmHg PCO2
Capillaries: PO2 100 mmHg and 40 mmHg PCO2
Venous: PO2 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46mmHg
ABG CO2
ABG = Arterial Blood Gases
- Take blood from artery
- Worrisome as increase pressures here
PaCO2 = 35-45mmHg (Pressure of arterial CO2)
Tidal Volume
Amount of air I/E w/ each breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Additional volume of air that can be taken into lungs above TV
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Additional volume of ait that can be exhaled beyond normal TV
Residual Volume
Amount of air remaining after forced exhalation
Vital Capacity
VC = TV + TRV + ERV
Inspiratory Capacity
IC = TV +IRV
Functional Residual Capacity
FRC = ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity
TLC = VC + RV
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Dissolves in blood plasma (7-10%)
- Bicarbonate ions resulting from dissociation from carbonic acid (60-70%)
- Bound to Hemoglobin (20-30%)
Hemoglobin
1 Hb = 4 molecules of O2 bound
~14-18 g/dL of Hb in men
~**12-16 **g/dL of Hb in women
No universal amounts; Check in with clinical site for their values
Your patient in the hospital has a Hb of 8 g/dL. What do you do?
I would exercise my patient at a low level. Having such a low level makes me cautious but doesn’t automatically rule out treatment.
Chemo can drop hemoglobin levels
Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation at Rest
- Medulla Oblangata and Pons
- Rhythmicity
Rhythmicity
Tells you when to breath and not to breath without concious thinking
Hyperventilation
Increase in ventilation that exceeds the metabolic need for oxygen
From 0-2 Minutes what contributes to rapid rise in ventilation?
THIS IS A QUESTION ON THE EXAM
Initial rise before exercise is anticipation.
Rise during exercise is due to muscles sending a signal from periphery to the brainstem that creates an output to diaphragm and external intercostals for inspiration
Ventilatory Threshold - “Breakpoint”
- Point during exercise in which ventilation increases disproportionately to the oxygen consumption; O2 delivery can no longer match the energy requirements so energy must be derived from anaerobic glycolysis (No O2 required for this process)
- Increased lactate levels, due to increased CO2 levels (buffering), triggering a respiratory response
- Normal Individual: >55% to 70% VO2max
Anaerobic Threshold
- Point in which metabolism becomes increasingly more anaerobic
- Increase in Ve/VO2 without change in Ve/VCO2
- Buffering due to pyruvate being turned into lactate; reflects lactate threshold
- In a trained individual can shift the curve to the right
Recovery and Blood Lactate Levels
Active recovery decreases Blood Lactate Levels much quicker than passive recovery.
Respiratory Limitations to Performance
- Respiratory muscles may use up to 11% of total oxygen consumed during heavy activity
- Breathing muscles are more resistant to fatigue than extremeity muscles (Diaphram and External Intercostals)
- Pulomonary Ventilation is not a limiting factor during exercise
- Airway resistance and gas diffusion usually do not limit performance in normal healthy individuals
Respiratory Adaptations to Training
- Pulmonary ventilation increases during maximal effrot after training
- Pulmonary diffusion increases at maximal work rates
- The a-vO2 difference increases with training due to more oxygen being extracted by tissues
- All major adaptations of the respiratory system to training are most apparent during maximal exercise
Ventilatory Threshold and Anerobic Threshold
- Happen at same time;
- Ventilatory Threshold: Ventilation increases disproportionately to the oxygen consumption.
- Change in metabolic rate due to energy demands
