Respiratory Q's for assessment Flashcards
List and show the main components of the upper and lower respiratory tract
Upper
- Nose (air filtration by hairs, mucous)
- Mouth
- Pharynx
Lower
- Larynx (voice box, 5 cartilages)
- Thyroid (adams apple, cricoid)
- Trachea
- Primary, secondary (X2 left X3 right) and tertiary Bronchi
- Lungs/alveoli
Label the lobes of the lung and their fissures as well as the bronchopulmonary segements
- Left Superior Lobe
- Left inferior Lobe
Split by the Oblique fissure - Right Superior Lobe
- Right middle Lobe (costal surface)
- Right inferior Lobe
The Horizontal fissure separates the Superior and Middle Lobe
The Oblique fissure separates the Inferior and Middle Lobe
What are the bronchopulmonary segements
Left superior = Apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular and inferior lingular
Left inferior = superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal
Right superior = Apical, anterior and posterior
Right middle = Medial, lateral
Right inferior = Superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal
Form and function of alveoli
here the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
Form and function of Parietal pleura
Attaches to the chest wall, plays the major role in the formation and removal of pleural fluid
Form and function of Visceral pleura
Covers inner layer of lung, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.
Form and function of Pleural cavity
Between the visceral pleura and an outer parietal layer contains fluid allowing lungs to move freely during ventilation
Form and function of Pulmonary surfactant
mixture of lipids and proteins cells. Its main function is to reduce the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung.
Origin and insertion of the diagphram
Origin = Lumbar vertebrae, sternum and inferior aspects of ribs
Insertion = Central tendon
Origin and insertion of internal intercostal
Origin = inferior margin of costal cartilage and inner lip of costal groove
Insert = to the superior border of immediate inferior rib.
Origin and Insertion of External intercostal
Origin = sharp inferior costal border of one rib
Insert = superior border of the immediate rib below.
Origin and Insertion of Scalenes
origin = transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
insert = tubercle of the upper face of the first rib
List the functions of the respiratory system and in a sentence or two each describe how it
achieves these
Gas exchange = Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves
Regulation of blood PH = altered by changing blood C02 levels
Voice production = Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
Protection = Protects against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces
Define Compliance in respiration
The expandability of the lungs and chest wall.
Define Anatomical dead space
volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments (trachea etc) that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli
Define Physiological dead space
the space in which oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses are not exchanged across the alveolar membrane in the respiratory tract
Define Total lung capacity
The volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration
Define Tidal Volume
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
Define Inspiratory reserve volume
The extra volume of gas that can be inhaled voluntarily from maximum inspiration
Define Expiratory reserve volume
The extra volume of gas that can be exhaled forcefully from maximum expiration.
Define Residual volume
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
Define Functional residual capacity
The volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
Define Vital capacity
the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.
Define Minute ventilation
a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute
Define respiratory rate
The number of breaths a person takes per minute
Define Dyspnoea
Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath
Define cough
voluntary or involuntary act that clears the throat and breathing passage of foreign particles
Define Sputum
flem in lungs
Define Haemoptysis
the coughing of blood originating from the respiratory tract below the level of the larynx
Define Wheeze
breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages.
Define Pulmonary oedema
an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs
Define Obstructive pulmonary disorders
- Obstruction of the airway lumen
- Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen
Define Restrictive pulmonary disorders
a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, is often due to a decrease in the elasticity of the lungs themselves or caused by a problem related to the expansion of the chest wall during inhalation.
Describe the process of Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly increasing thoracic cavity volume
- Internal intercostal muscles contract move rib cage out
Describe expiration process
- Diaphragm and inspiration muscles relax
- Elastic recoil of thorax and lungs
-During laboured breathing contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominals assist expiration
Describe the Perfusion process
refers to the blood flow to tissues and organs
Describe the Diffusion process
the process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure, occurs in the alveoli
Describe the Ventilation/perfusion rate process
a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables: V – ventilation – the air that reaches the alveoli. Q – perfusion – the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries.
List the respiratory systems defence mechanisms and in a sentence or two each describe
their form and function
Nasal cavity - hairs and mucus trap small particles, viruses, bacteria, dust, and dirt to prevent entry.
In a paragraph describe how the respiratory system works
- Oxygen is inhaled from atmosphere through the nose/mouth
- Travels down the larynx to the trachea, which filter and moisten air
- Oxygen travels to the left and right primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary
- Diffuses across semi permeable membrane of alveoli into the capillaries. CO2 diffuses out
List the anatomical and physiological requirements for normal respiration
*Patent airways (normal) / airway size
*Normal mechanics of skeletal system
*Intact neurology (regulated in medulla)
*Intact muscles
*Lung compliance
*Normal circulation
*Membrane permeability
Symptoms and explain Bronchitis (Acute & Chronic)
- Inflammation of the bronchial tree
- Narrowed lumen
- Increased secretions
- Coughing with or without mucus.
- Soreness in the chest.
- fatigue
- headache.
- mild body aches.
Symptoms and explain Emphysema
- Enlarged alveoli
- Alveolar destruction
- Weak and inelastic
- shortness of breath
- Dyspenea
- Weight loss
- Hypoxemia
Symptoms and explain Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder/disease
- Increasing resistance to air flow
- Obstruction of the airway lumen
- Obstruction resulting from increasing pressure around the outside of the airway lumen
- Bronchitis / Emphysema / Asthma
- Stridor is a clinical symptom for this
Symptoms and explain Asthma
- Exercise induced
- Occupational
- Drug-induced
- Spasm (hardening of muscle and protective system) of smooth muscle in walls of airways
- Oedema (swelling) of mucous membrane
- Excessive mucous production
Symptoms and explain Bronchiectasis
- Abnormal dilatation of the bronchi
- Obstruction and infection
- Destruction of elastic tissue
- Mucous lining is replaced by granulation tissue
- Abnormal dilation of bronchae
Symptoms and explain Cystic fibrosis
- faulty gene that affects the movement of salt and water in and out of cells (too much mucus)
- wheezing
- coughing
- shortness of breath and damage to the airways (bronchiectasis)
- difficulty putting on weight and growing.
Symptoms and explain Acute tracheobronchial obstruction
- occurs when there is a blockage in the airway, which can partially or totally prevent air from reaching the lungs
- Wheezing
- Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis)
- Changes in consciousness.
- Choking.
- Confusion.
Symptoms and explain Pneumothorax
-a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall
- Chest pain that worsens when trying to breath in.
- Shortness of breath.
- Bluish skin caused by a lack of oxygen.
- Fatigue.
- Rapid breathing and heartbeat.
Symptoms and explain Pleural effusion
- The build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
- Chest pain.
- Dry, nonproductive cough.
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
Symptoms and explain Interstitial lung disease
- Chronic lung disorder characterized by inflammation and scarring that make it hard for the lungs to get enough oxygen
- Shortness of breath, especially with activity.
- Dry, hacking cough that does not produce phlegm.
- Extreme tiredness and weakness.
- Loss of appetite.
- Unexplained weight loss.
Symptoms and explain Vascular disease
- Condition that affects the blood vessels within the lungs
- Shortness of breath, chest pain (often worse with deep breaths), and a rapid heart rate
Symptoms and explain Pneumonia
- Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid
- Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing
Symptoms and explain Pleuritis
- Inflammation of the tissue between the lungs and ribcage (pleura)
- Sharp chest pain when breathing deeply.
- Sometimes the pain is also felt in the shoulder.
Symptoms and explain Emphysema thorasis
- An infection that spreads directly from the lung. It leads to a buildup of pus in the pleural space
- A fever and night sweats
- Lack of energy
- Difficulty breathing
- Weight loss
- A cough and coughing up mucus containing pus
