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Science For Physio Practise > Respiratory Q's for assessment > Flashcards

Respiratory Q's for assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

List and show the main components of the upper and lower respiratory tract

A

Upper
- Nose (air filtration by hairs, mucous)
- Mouth
- Pharynx

Lower
- Larynx (voice box, 5 cartilages)
- Thyroid (adams apple, cricoid)
- Trachea
- Primary, secondary (X2 left X3 right) and tertiary Bronchi
- Lungs/alveoli

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2
Q

Label the lobes of the lung and their fissures as well as the bronchopulmonary segements

A
  • Left Superior Lobe
  • Left inferior Lobe
    Split by the Oblique fissure
  • Right Superior Lobe
  • Right middle Lobe (costal surface)
  • Right inferior Lobe

The Horizontal fissure separates the Superior and Middle Lobe
The Oblique fissure separates the Inferior and Middle Lobe

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3
Q

What are the bronchopulmonary segements

A

Left superior = Apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular and inferior lingular
Left inferior = superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Right superior = Apical, anterior and posterior
Right middle = Medial, lateral
Right inferior = Superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

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4
Q

Form and function of alveoli

A

here the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out

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5
Q

Form and function of Parietal pleura

A

Attaches to the chest wall, plays the major role in the formation and removal of pleural fluid

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6
Q

Form and function of Visceral pleura

A

Covers inner layer of lung, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.

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7
Q

Form and function of Pleural cavity

A

Between the visceral pleura and an outer parietal layer contains fluid allowing lungs to move freely during ventilation

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8
Q

Form and function of Pulmonary surfactant

A

mixture of lipids and proteins cells. Its main function is to reduce the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung.

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9
Q

Origin and insertion of the diagphram

A

Origin = Lumbar vertebrae, sternum and inferior aspects of ribs
Insertion = Central tendon

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10
Q

Origin and insertion of internal intercostal

A

Origin = inferior margin of costal cartilage and inner lip of costal groove
Insert = to the superior border of immediate inferior rib.

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11
Q

Origin and Insertion of External intercostal

A

Origin = sharp inferior costal border of one rib
Insert = superior border of the immediate rib below.

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12
Q

Origin and Insertion of Scalenes

A

origin = transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
insert = tubercle of the upper face of the first rib

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13
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system and in a sentence or two each describe how it
achieves these

A

Gas exchange = Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves
Regulation of blood PH = altered by changing blood C02 levels
Voice production = Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
Protection = Protects against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces

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14
Q

Define Compliance in respiration

A

The expandability of the lungs and chest wall.

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15
Q

Define Anatomical dead space

A

volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments (trachea etc) that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli

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16
Q

Define Physiological dead space

A

the space in which oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses are not exchanged across the alveolar membrane in the respiratory tract

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17
Q

Define Total lung capacity

A

The volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration

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18
Q

Define Tidal Volume

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

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19
Q

Define Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The extra volume of gas that can be inhaled voluntarily from maximum inspiration

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20
Q

Define Expiratory reserve volume

A

The extra volume of gas that can be exhaled forcefully from maximum expiration.

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21
Q

Define Residual volume

A

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

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22
Q

Define Functional residual capacity

A

The volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

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23
Q

Define Vital capacity

A

the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.

24
Q

Define Minute ventilation

A

a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute

25
Q

Define respiratory rate

A

The number of breaths a person takes per minute

26
Q

Define Dyspnoea

A

Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath

27
Q

Define cough

A

voluntary or involuntary act that clears the throat and breathing passage of foreign particles

28
Q

Define Sputum

A

flem in lungs

29
Q

Define Haemoptysis

A

the coughing of blood originating from the respiratory tract below the level of the larynx

30
Q

Define Wheeze

A

breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages.

31
Q

Define Pulmonary oedema

A

an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs

32
Q

Define Obstructive pulmonary disorders

A
  • Obstruction of the airway lumen
  • Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen
33
Q

Define Restrictive pulmonary disorders

A

a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, is often due to a decrease in the elasticity of the lungs themselves or caused by a problem related to the expansion of the chest wall during inhalation.

34
Q

Describe the process of Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly increasing thoracic cavity volume
  • Internal intercostal muscles contract move rib cage out
35
Q

Describe expiration process

A
  • Diaphragm and inspiration muscles relax
  • Elastic recoil of thorax and lungs
    -During laboured breathing contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominals assist expiration
36
Q

Describe the Perfusion process

A

refers to the blood flow to tissues and organs

37
Q

Describe the Diffusion process

A

the process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure, occurs in the alveoli

38
Q

Describe the Ventilation/perfusion rate process

A

a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables: V – ventilation – the air that reaches the alveoli. Q – perfusion – the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries.

39
Q

List the respiratory systems defence mechanisms and in a sentence or two each describe
their form and function

A

Nasal cavity - hairs and mucus trap small particles, viruses, bacteria, dust, and dirt to prevent entry.

40
Q

In a paragraph describe how the respiratory system works

A
  • Oxygen is inhaled from atmosphere through the nose/mouth
  • Travels down the larynx to the trachea, which filter and moisten air
  • Oxygen travels to the left and right primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary
  • Diffuses across semi permeable membrane of alveoli into the capillaries. CO2 diffuses out
41
Q

List the anatomical and physiological requirements for normal respiration

A

*Patent airways (normal) / airway size
*Normal mechanics of skeletal system
*Intact neurology (regulated in medulla)
*Intact muscles
*Lung compliance
*Normal circulation
*Membrane permeability

42
Q

Symptoms and explain Bronchitis (Acute & Chronic)

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchial tree
  • Narrowed lumen
  • Increased secretions
  • Coughing with or without mucus.
  • Soreness in the chest.
  • fatigue
  • headache.
  • mild body aches.
43
Q

Symptoms and explain Emphysema

A
  • Enlarged alveoli
  • Alveolar destruction
  • Weak and inelastic
  • shortness of breath
  • Dyspenea
  • Weight loss
  • Hypoxemia
44
Q

Symptoms and explain Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder/disease

A
  • Increasing resistance to air flow
  • Obstruction of the airway lumen
  • Obstruction resulting from increasing pressure around the outside of the airway lumen
  • Bronchitis / Emphysema / Asthma
  • Stridor is a clinical symptom for this
45
Q

Symptoms and explain Asthma

A
  • Exercise induced
  • Occupational
  • Drug-induced
  • Spasm (hardening of muscle and protective system) of smooth muscle in walls of airways
  • Oedema (swelling) of mucous membrane
  • Excessive mucous production
46
Q

Symptoms and explain Bronchiectasis

A
  • Abnormal dilatation of the bronchi
  • Obstruction and infection
  • Destruction of elastic tissue
  • Mucous lining is replaced by granulation tissue
  • Abnormal dilation of bronchae
47
Q

Symptoms and explain Cystic fibrosis

A
  • faulty gene that affects the movement of salt and water in and out of cells (too much mucus)
  • wheezing
  • coughing
  • shortness of breath and damage to the airways (bronchiectasis)
  • difficulty putting on weight and growing.
48
Q

Symptoms and explain Acute tracheobronchial obstruction

A
  • occurs when there is a blockage in the airway, which can partially or totally prevent air from reaching the lungs
  • Wheezing
  • Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis)
  • Changes in consciousness.
  • Choking.
  • Confusion.
49
Q

Symptoms and explain Pneumothorax

A

-a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall
- Chest pain that worsens when trying to breath in.
- Shortness of breath.
- Bluish skin caused by a lack of oxygen.
- Fatigue.
- Rapid breathing and heartbeat.

50
Q

Symptoms and explain Pleural effusion

A
  • The build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
  • Chest pain.
  • Dry, nonproductive cough.
  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea
51
Q

Symptoms and explain Interstitial lung disease

A
  • Chronic lung disorder characterized by inflammation and scarring that make it hard for the lungs to get enough oxygen
  • Shortness of breath, especially with activity.
  • Dry, hacking cough that does not produce phlegm.
  • Extreme tiredness and weakness.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Unexplained weight loss.
52
Q

Symptoms and explain Vascular disease

A
  • Condition that affects the blood vessels within the lungs
  • Shortness of breath, chest pain (often worse with deep breaths), and a rapid heart rate
53
Q

Symptoms and explain Pneumonia

A
  • Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid
  • Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing
54
Q

Symptoms and explain Pleuritis

A
  • Inflammation of the tissue between the lungs and ribcage (pleura)
  • Sharp chest pain when breathing deeply.
  • Sometimes the pain is also felt in the shoulder.
55
Q

Symptoms and explain Emphysema thorasis

A
  • An infection that spreads directly from the lung. It leads to a buildup of pus in the pleural space
  • A fever and night sweats
  • Lack of energy
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Weight loss
  • A cough and coughing up mucus containing pus

Science For Physio Practise (15 decks)

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