Respiratory Q's for assessment

Question 1

List and show the main components of the upper and lower respiratory tract

Answer 1

Upper
- Nose (air filtration by hairs, mucous)
- Mouth
- Pharynx

Lower
- Larynx (voice box, 5 cartilages)
- Thyroid (adams apple, cricoid)
- Trachea
- Primary, secondary (X2 left X3 right) and tertiary Bronchi
- Lungs/alveoli

Question 2

Label the lobes of the lung and their fissures as well as the bronchopulmonary segements

Answer 2

• Left Superior Lobe
• Left inferior Lobe
  Split by the Oblique fissure
• Right Superior Lobe
• Right middle Lobe (costal surface)
• Right inferior Lobe

The Horizontal fissure separates the Superior and Middle Lobe
The Oblique fissure separates the Inferior and Middle Lobe

Question 3

What are the bronchopulmonary segements

Answer 3

Left superior = Apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular and inferior lingular
Left inferior = superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Right superior = Apical, anterior and posterior
Right middle = Medial, lateral
Right inferior = Superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Question 4

Form and function of alveoli

Answer 4

here the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out

Question 5

Form and function of Parietal pleura

Answer 5

Attaches to the chest wall, plays the major role in the formation and removal of pleural fluid

Question 6

Form and function of Visceral pleura

Answer 6

Covers inner layer of lung, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.

Question 7

Form and function of Pleural cavity

Answer 7

Between the visceral pleura and an outer parietal layer contains fluid allowing lungs to move freely during ventilation

Question 8

Form and function of Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 8

mixture of lipids and proteins cells. Its main function is to reduce the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung.

Question 9

Origin and insertion of the diagphram

Answer 9

Origin = Lumbar vertebrae, sternum and inferior aspects of ribs
Insertion = Central tendon

Question 10

Origin and insertion of internal intercostal

Answer 10

Origin = inferior margin of costal cartilage and inner lip of costal groove
Insert = to the superior border of immediate inferior rib.

Question 11

Origin and Insertion of External intercostal

Answer 11

Origin = sharp inferior costal border of one rib
Insert = superior border of the immediate rib below.

Question 12

Origin and Insertion of Scalenes

Answer 12

origin = transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
insert = tubercle of the upper face of the first rib

Question 13

List the functions of the respiratory system and in a sentence or two each describe how it
achieves these

Answer 13

Gas exchange = Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves
Regulation of blood PH = altered by changing blood C02 levels
Voice production = Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
Protection = Protects against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces

Question 14

Define Compliance in respiration

Answer 14

The expandability of the lungs and chest wall.

Question 15

Define Anatomical dead space

Answer 15

volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments (trachea etc) that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli

Question 16

Define Physiological dead space

Answer 16

the space in which oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses are not exchanged across the alveolar membrane in the respiratory tract

Question 17

Define Total lung capacity

Answer 17

The volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration

Question 18

Define Tidal Volume

Answer 18

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

Question 19

Define Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 19

The extra volume of gas that can be inhaled voluntarily from maximum inspiration

Question 20

Define Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

The extra volume of gas that can be exhaled forcefully from maximum expiration.

Question 21

Define Residual volume

Answer 21

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Question 22

Define Functional residual capacity

Answer 22

The volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

Question 23

Define Vital capacity

Answer 23

the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.

Question 24

Define Minute ventilation

Answer 24

a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute

Question 25

Define respiratory rate

Answer 25

The number of breaths a person takes per minute

Question 26

Define Dyspnoea

Answer 26

Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath

Question 27

Define cough

Answer 27

voluntary or involuntary act that clears the throat and breathing passage of foreign particles

Question 28

Define Sputum

Answer 28

flem in lungs

Question 29

Define Haemoptysis

Answer 29

the coughing of blood originating from the respiratory tract below the level of the larynx

Question 30

Define Wheeze

Answer 30

breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages.

Question 31

Define Pulmonary oedema

Answer 31

an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs

Question 32

Define Obstructive pulmonary disorders

Answer 32

- Obstruction of the airway lumen - Obstruction from conditions in the wall of the lumen

Question 33

Define Restrictive pulmonary disorders

Answer 33

a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, is often due to a decrease in the elasticity of the lungs themselves or caused by a problem related to the expansion of the chest wall during inhalation.

Question 34

Describe the process of Inspiration

Answer 34

- Diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly increasing thoracic cavity volume - Internal intercostal muscles contract move rib cage out

Question 35

Describe expiration process

Answer 35

- Diaphragm and inspiration muscles relax - Elastic recoil of thorax and lungs -During laboured breathing contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominals assist expiration

Question 36

Describe the Perfusion process

Answer 36

refers to the blood flow to tissues and organs

Question 37

Describe the Diffusion process

Answer 37

the process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure, occurs in the alveoli

Question 38

Describe the Ventilation/perfusion rate process

Answer 38

a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables: V – ventilation – the air that reaches the alveoli. Q – perfusion – the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries.

Question 39

List the respiratory systems defence mechanisms and in a sentence or two each describe their form and function

Answer 39

Nasal cavity - hairs and mucus trap small particles, viruses, bacteria, dust, and dirt to prevent entry.

Question 40

In a paragraph describe how the respiratory system works

Answer 40

- Oxygen is inhaled from atmosphere through the nose/mouth - Travels down the larynx to the trachea, which filter and moisten air - Oxygen travels to the left and right primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary - Diffuses across semi permeable membrane of alveoli into the capillaries. CO2 diffuses out

Question 41

List the anatomical and physiological requirements for normal respiration

Answer 41

*Patent airways (normal) / airway size *Normal mechanics of skeletal system *Intact neurology (regulated in medulla) *Intact muscles *Lung compliance *Normal circulation *Membrane permeability

Question 42

Symptoms and explain Bronchitis (Acute & Chronic)

Answer 42

- Inflammation of the bronchial tree - Narrowed lumen - Increased secretions - Coughing with or without mucus. - Soreness in the chest. - fatigue - headache. - mild body aches.

Question 43

Symptoms and explain Emphysema

Answer 43

- Enlarged alveoli - Alveolar destruction - Weak and inelastic - shortness of breath - Dyspenea - Weight loss - Hypoxemia

Question 44

Symptoms and explain Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder/disease

Answer 44

- Increasing resistance to air flow - Obstruction of the airway lumen - Obstruction resulting from increasing pressure around the outside of the airway lumen - Bronchitis / Emphysema / Asthma - Stridor is a clinical symptom for this

Question 45

Symptoms and explain Asthma

Answer 45

- Exercise induced - Occupational - Drug-induced - Spasm (hardening of muscle and protective system) of smooth muscle in walls of airways - Oedema (swelling) of mucous membrane - Excessive mucous production

Question 46

Symptoms and explain Bronchiectasis

Answer 46

- Abnormal dilatation of the bronchi - Obstruction and infection - Destruction of elastic tissue - Mucous lining is replaced by granulation tissue - Abnormal dilation of bronchae

Question 47

Symptoms and explain Cystic fibrosis

Answer 47

- faulty gene that affects the movement of salt and water in and out of cells (too much mucus) - wheezing - coughing - shortness of breath and damage to the airways (bronchiectasis) - difficulty putting on weight and growing.

Question 48

Symptoms and explain Acute tracheobronchial obstruction

Answer 48

- occurs when there is a blockage in the airway, which can partially or totally prevent air from reaching the lungs - Wheezing - Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) - Changes in consciousness. - Choking. - Confusion.

Question 49

Symptoms and explain Pneumothorax

Answer 49

-a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall - Chest pain that worsens when trying to breath in. - Shortness of breath. - Bluish skin caused by a lack of oxygen. - Fatigue. - Rapid breathing and heartbeat.

Question 50

Symptoms and explain Pleural effusion

Answer 50

- The build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs - Chest pain. - Dry, nonproductive cough. - Dyspnea - Orthopnea

Question 51

Symptoms and explain Interstitial lung disease

Answer 51

- Chronic lung disorder characterized by inflammation and scarring that make it hard for the lungs to get enough oxygen - Shortness of breath, especially with activity. - Dry, hacking cough that does not produce phlegm. - Extreme tiredness and weakness. - Loss of appetite. - Unexplained weight loss.

Question 52

Symptoms and explain Vascular disease

Answer 52

- Condition that affects the blood vessels within the lungs - Shortness of breath, chest pain (often worse with deep breaths), and a rapid heart rate

Question 53

Symptoms and explain Pneumonia

Answer 53

- Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid - Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing

Question 54

Symptoms and explain Pleuritis

Answer 54

- Inflammation of the tissue between the lungs and ribcage (pleura) - Sharp chest pain when breathing deeply. - Sometimes the pain is also felt in the shoulder.

Question 55

Symptoms and explain Emphysema thorasis

Answer 55

- An infection that spreads directly from the lung. It leads to a buildup of pus in the pleural space - A fever and night sweats - Lack of energy - Difficulty breathing - Weight loss - A cough and coughing up mucus containing pus